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Glossary: Adrenal
 


Definition
The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney and consist of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. Of the 50 or so hormones the adrenals make, only cortisone and adrenaline are recognized by most people. Some of these hormones must be produced to preserve life, while others help resist stress. Other hormones from the adrenals control normal energy output (along with the thyroid) and govern the breakdown of stored energy into quick energy sources. The medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are specifically designed to help the body deal with stressful situations. The adrenals control the body's potassium/sodium balance, which is vital for energy production. They also produce sex hormones in minute amounts, which is important for later years when the gonads drop or cease their production.

Also: Adrenal Gland, Adrenal Glands, Adrenals

Topics Related To Adrenal
A Good Aerobic Exercise LevelRelationship to Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency
"Those regularly engaged in exercise and hobbies are less likely to suffer from adrenal problems..."

A Healthy Diet

Relationship to Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency
"Healthy and regular eating habits support adrenal function..."

Addictions / Addictive Tendencies

The Condition
"...Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) helps reduce stress and supports the adrenal glands..."

Addison's Disease

The Condition
"...It occurs when the adrenal glands, located above each kidney, do not produce enough corticosteroids - in particular, the hormone cortisol, and in some cases, the hormone aldosterone..."

Adrenal Cortex

Related Topic
"The outer covering of the two adrenal glands that lie atop each kidney..."

Adrenal Insufficiency

Related Topic
"A condition in which the adrenal gland is compromised in its production of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone or aldosterone..."

Adrenal Medulla

Related Topic
"The inner part of the adrenals, derived embryonically from spinal nerve precursors, they secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine; used locally as neurotransmitters, sensitive receptors can be mobilized totally by..."

Alzheimer's Disease

The Condition
"...Furthermore, the traditional kidney-related signs of aging, such as gray hair, loss of memory and hearing difficulties are also compatible with what Western medicine recognizes as age-related adrenal gland slowdown or dysfunction..."

Recommendation Testosterone
"...Increasing levels of adrenal hormones such as cortisol, which rise in response to stress and aging, may also play an important role in Alzheimer's..."

Andropause/Male Menopause

The Condition
"...Testosterone (from the testes), human growth hormone (from the pituitary), and DHEA and androstenedione (from the adrenal gland) levels all begin to drop..."

Anorexia / Starvation Tendency

Recommendation St John's Wort
"Used for depression or anxiety that leads to fatigue and adrenal gland exhaustion..."

Chronic Fatigue / Fibromyalgia Syndrome

The Condition
"...Hormone Imbalances: Consider and treat as necessary hypothyroidism, low or borderline adrenal function, and sex hormone deficiencies..."

Chronic Inflammation

Relationship to Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency
"The adrenal glands produce hydrocortisol, the major natural anti-inflammatory steroid in the body..."

Chronic Thyroiditis

The Condition
"...emphasize a basic abnormality in the immune system, which in many patients somehow allows autoimmunity to develop against thyroid tissues as well as other tissues, including those of the stomach, adrenal glands and ovaries..."

Coconut

As A Treatment
"...Within a week, abnormal cortisol levels show improvement indicating adrenal restoration using vitamin B1, B complex and coconut milk..."

Corticosteroids

As A Treatment
"...In children and teenagers, these medicines can stop or slow growth and affect the function of the adrenal glands (small glands located above each kidney, which secrete natural corticosteroids)..."

Cushing's Syndrome / Hypercortisolism

The Condition
"...CRH causes the pituitary to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropin), a hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands..."

Cysts

The Condition
"...Some cysts that form in the adrenal glands are caused by bacterial infections or by parasites..."

Dandelion

As A Treatment
"...Source The sterol components of dandelion are very similar to the sterol compounds synthesized by our adrenal glands..."

Depression

Recommendation DHEA
"DHEA is a plentiful adrenal steroid hormone whose quantity decreases with age and may have significant psychiatric effects..."

DHEA

As A Treatment
"...DHEA is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands..."

Related Topic
"Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid produced by the adrenal glands and is the most abundant one found in humans..."

DHEA Elevated

Our Question about age at puberty onset (female)
"...The elevated levels are normally one of the first biochemical signs of awakening of the reproductive glands, in this case the adrenal gland after the long period of childhood inactivity..."

Dihydrotestosterone

Related Topic
"...The conversion from testosterone to DHT is driven by an enzyme called 5-alpha reductase, which is produced in the prostate, various adrenal glands, and the scalp..."

Elevated Cortisol Levels

The Condition
"...An additional problem of long-term elevations of cortisol is that the adrenal gland may wear itself out and no longer be able to produce even normal levels of cortisol..."

Endocrine Glands

Related Topic
"A set of glands including the pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries and testes..."

Erectile Dysfunction (ED, Impotence)

The Condition
"...DGL is licorice without the portion that can affect the adrenal hormones and raise blood pressure..."

Essential Fatty Acids

As A Treatment
"...Help generate the electrical currents that make our heart beat in an orderly sequence Are precursors of derivatives such as DHA, which are needed by the most active tissues - brain, retina, adrenal glands and testes Help our immune system fight infections by enhancing peroxide production Help prevent the development of allergies..."

Fatty Liver

The Condition
"...One form of fat that the liver produces is called triglycerides, which are important for new cell production for making hormones such as estrogen, testosterone and the adrenal hormones..."

Female Hair Loss

The Condition
"...Common causes of hair loss or hair thinning in women ... any condition that upsets the ovarian, adrenal, or pituitary axis..."

Relationship to Hypothalamus / Pituitary / Pineal Dysfunction
"Any condition that upsets the ovary, adrenal or pituitary gland may result in hair loss..."

Folic Acid

As A Treatment
"...People who are very stressed or fatigued or who have any loss of adrenal gland function may benefit from additional folic acid..."

Heavy Metal Toxicity

The Condition
"...constipation, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy, cognitive dysfunction, arthralgias, headache, weakness, convulsions, irritability, impotence, loss of libido, depression, depression of thyroid and adrenal function, chronic renal failure, gout..."

High Female Testosterone Level

The Condition
"...Testosterone is made not only in the testes of men but also in the ovaries of women and in the adrenal glands of both men and women..."

Hirsutism

The Condition
"...True hirsutism may be due to ... Defects in the enzymes made by the adrenal glands..."

Histoplasmosis

The Condition
"...When histoplasmosis spreads, it can affect bone marrow, the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, mouth, intestines, brain, and the adrenal glands..."

Hormones

Related Topic
"...Examples include adrenal hormones such as corticosteroids and aldosterone; glucagon, growth hormone, insulin, testosterone, estrogens, progestins, progesterone, DHEA, melatonin, and thyroid hormones such as thyroxine..."

Hydrocortisone

As A Treatment
"...It is, however, the identical hormone to one of the naturally occurring compounds secreted by the adrenal gland cortex (outside layer) in response to stress or low blood sugar..."

Hypertension

Our Question about level of coffee consumption
"Caffeine raises the production of the adrenal hormone cortisol, a stress hormone..."

Recommendation Caffeine/Coffee Avoidance
"Caffeine raises the production of the adrenal hormone cortisol, which causes the blood vessels to constrict and the heart to pump harder, which leads to high blood pressure..."

Hypoglycemia

The Condition
"...Central nervous system changes, adrenal hormone output and detoxification (what the body tries to do when it is not busy digesting food) also contribute to the overall symptom picture..."

Hyponatremia (Low Blood Sodium Level)

The Condition
"...The adrenal gland secretes a hormone called aldosterone that travels to the kidney, where it causes the kidney to retain sodium by not excreting it into the urine..."

Hypopituitarism

The Condition
"...Below is a list of the hormones secreted by the pituitary and their functions ... adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete hormones that affect metabolism)..."

Hypotension

The Condition
"...and autonomic neuropathy (nerve problems), such as may be caused by diabetes mellitus; cardiovascular disorders; nutritional diseases amyloidosis; vitamin deficiencies; spinal cord injuries; Adrenal failure (Addisonian crisis); and neuropathies associated with cancer, particularly lung cancer or pancreatic cancer..."

Hypothyroidism

Recommendation Test Adrenal Function
"Cortisol and DHEA are among the hormones produced by the adrenal glands..."

Kidney Cancer

The Condition
"...Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is a disease that causes multiple tumors of the brain, spine, eyes, adrenal glands, pancreas, inner ear, testicles, and kidneys..."

Recommendation Surgery
"...The most common form of surgery for RCC, radical nephrectomy involves removal of the entire kidney, often along with the attached adrenal gland, surrounding fatty tissues and nearby lymph nodes (regional lymphadenectomy), depending upon how far the cancer has spread..."

Korean Ginseng

As A Treatment
"...Korean or Chinese Ginseng may prove especially effective in restoration of normal adrenal function and prevention of adrenal atrophy associated with corticosteroid administration..."

LDN - Low Dose Naltrexone

As A Treatment
"...Function; Reasons For Use By blocking opioid receptors, naltrexone also blocks the reception of the opioid hormones (endorphins) that the brain and adrenal glands produce..."

Licorice Root

As A Treatment
"...Glycyrrizin has a similar structure to adrenal steroids and has been used successfully in treating adrenal insufficiency, fatigue, various skin problems, as well as female hormonal regulation..."

Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency

The Condition
"The adrenal glands, located above the kidney, often become 'exhausted' as a result of the constant demands placed upon them..."

Our Question about level of coffee consumption
"Caffeine raises adrenaline levels and heavy coffee consumption can lead to a state of adrenal gland exhaustion, where the adrenal glands are no longer able to adequately respond to stress by releasing enough adrenaline..."

Relationship to Panic Attacks
"When adrenal function is low, caffeine consumption may contribute to panic attacks..."

Recommendation TMG (Tri-methyl-glycine)
"The adrenal gland uses nutrients such as TMG (betaine), tyrosine, vitamins B5, B6 and C to maintain function and produce its hormones..."

Recommendation Vitamin A
"The adrenals need lots of vitamin A, C, and B-complex..."

Recommendation Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
"Key nutrients to aid adrenal function include vitamin C, B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6, zinc, and magnesium..."

Recommendation Licorice Root
"...A Naturopathic Doctor should be able to guide you in using licorice root alone or in combination with other adrenal agents..."

Recommendation Korean Ginseng
"Both Chinese ginseng (Panax ginseng) and Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) are known to exert beneficial effects on adrenal function and enhance resistance to stress..."

Recommendation Increased Salt Consumption
"Sea salt should be included in the diet, unless contraindicated for other reasons, as it benefits adrenal gland function..."

Recommendation Test Adrenal Function
"Adrenal function can be evaluated in several ways by blood, saliva, and/or urine testing..."

Recommendation Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
"Taking 1-3gm of mineral ascorbates up to 3 times daily is supportive of adrenal gland function..."

Recommendation Caffeine/Coffee Avoidance
"Caffeine raises adrenaline levels and heavy coffee consumption can lead to a state of adrenal gland exhaustion, where the adrenal glands are no longer able to adequately respond to stress by releasing enough adrenaline..."

Low DHEA Level

The Condition
"Produced by the adrenal glands, DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) is mildly androgenic..."

Low Pregnenolone Level

The Condition
"Pregnenolone is a hormone with its own actions, as well as being a mother hormone for sex and adrenal hormones..."

Low Total Cholesterol

Recommendation Test for Hormones
"...Since cholesterol is the precursor to the adrenal and sex steroids, low levels may mean an insufficient supply of raw material for hormone production..."

Lupus, SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythromatosis)

Relationship to Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency
"...One reason for this is poor adrenal function..."

Male Hair Loss

Relationship to Hypothalamus / Pituitary / Pineal Dysfunction
"Any condition that upsets the adrenal or pituitary gland may result in hair loss..."

Molybdenum

Related Topic
"...The average adult has about 9mg of molybdenum concentrated mostly in the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, bones and skin..."

Multiple Sclerosis

Relationship to Progesterone Low or Estrogen Dominance
"...Progesterone therapy may therefore be useful for MS especially as a medical report noted the association between enlarged adrenal glands and MS..."

Recommendation ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
"One hormone which has been shown to shorten the duration and intensity of acute exacerbations is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a pituitary gland substance that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce additional cortisone, which acts to reduce the inflammation in the brain or spinal cord..."

Night Eating Syndrome

The Condition
"...Treatment & Prevention Therapy to increase the natural nocturnal rise in melatonin, reduce the body's adrenal stress response and raise leptin levels or improve leptin sensitivity are options that may help these patients overcome the disorder..."

Painful Menstruation (Dysmenorrhea)

Relationship to Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency
"Dysmenorrhea caused by ovarian dysfunction may disappear when low doses of cortisol are used to improve adrenal influence on ovarian function..."

Pantothenic Acid

Related Topic
"A B-complex vitamin necessary for the normal functioning of the adrenal gland, which directly affects growth..."

Pheochromocytoma

Related Topic
"Encapsulated tumor of the adrenal gland secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine..."

Phosphytidalserine

As A Treatment
"...Stress causes the pituitary gland to secrete an adrenal cortisol stimulator, ACTH..."

Pituitary

Related Topic
"...The front lobe is stimulated by the hypothalamus, and produces any one of six different hormones that in turn stimulate the thyroid, adrenal and reproductive glands, and also breast milk production..."

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

The Condition
"...Treatment modalities for hirsutism include ovarian and adrenal suppression, anti-androgen therapy and local hair removal measures..."

Poor Memory

Recommendation Licorice Root
"Licorice root supports the adrenal glands and indirectly influences the brain..."

Premature/Signs of Aging

Recommendation Stress Management
"Both Eastern and Western medicine recognize that stress can affect the adrenal glands and accelerate the aging process..."

Premenstrual Syndrome PMS D (Depression)

The Condition
"...The decreased ovarian estrogen output in the luteal phase has been attributed to a stress-induced increase in adrenal androgens and/or progesterone..."

Premenstrual Syndrome PMS H (Headache)

The Condition
"...Dopamine suppresses aldosterone formation in the adrenal glands and, in the kidneys, is naturetic and diuretic..."

Problems Caused By Being Overweight

Recommendation DHEA
"...The choice of whether to use DHEA or 7-Keto DHEA will be influenced by your sex and adrenal hormone status..."

Progesterone Low or Estrogen Dominance

The Condition
"...Anti-aging Benefits of Natural Progesterone ... Progesterone is a primary precursor in the biosynthesis of the adrenal corticosteroids..."

Relationship to Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency
"The inner most layer of an adrenal gland is the zona reticularis which produces small amounts of sex hormones..."

Rhodiola rosea (Roseroot)

As A Treatment
"...Additional effects of rhodiola are as follows ... Adaptogenic activity by lowering the stress induced catecholamines from the adrenal gland..."

Septicemia

The Condition
"...Complications Septicemia can rapidly lead to septic shock and death, being associated with organisms such as meningococci that can lead to shock, adrenal collapse and disseminated intravascular coagulation..."

Siberian Ginseng

As A Treatment
"...Siberian Ginseng supports the working of the adrenal glands and helps with nervous tension..."

Soft Tissue Sarcoma

The Condition
"...Li-Fraumeni syndrome, which runs in families and increases the risk of developing breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemias, and cancer of the adrenal glands..."

St John's Wort

As A Treatment
"...John's Wort is used for depression or anxiety that leads to fatigue and adrenal gland exhaustion..."

Test Adrenal Function

As A Treatment
"The adrenal glands can be evaluated in several different ways and more than one of these may be required to fully understand the nature of the problem..."

Test Estrogen Level

As A Treatment
"...Small amounts are also produced by the adrenal glands..."

Testosterone

As A Treatment
"...Testosterone comes primarily from the testes of males and the ovaries of females, with small amounts being secreted by the adrenal glands..."

Thymic Factors

As A Treatment
"...Modern medicine replaces the thyroid gland with thyroid hormone, the adrenal gland with cortisone, the pancreas gland with insulin, and the ovaries with estrogen and progesterone..."

Turmeric

As A Treatment
"...Curcumin interacts with the adrenal glands in a way that allows the body to spare cortisol, one of the body's own inflammation control mechanisms..."

Vitamin A Requirement

The Condition
"...Vitamin A is essential for innumerable biological functions - night and color vision, wound healing, bone and tooth formation, healthy skin, normal growth, reproductive and adrenal function, cartilage development, mucous membranes/secretions and lactation..."

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

As A Treatment
"...It enhances adrenal/heart functions, prevents deterioration of blood vessels, and helps to prevent arterial sclerosis (hardening of the arteries)..."

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

As A Treatment
"...It is stored in high amounts in the adrenal glands but about 70% of absorbed pantothenic acid is excreted in the urine..."

Vitamin B-Complex Requirement

The Condition
"...B5 (pantothenic acid) - needed for release of energy from food; helps in the functioning of the adrenal gland and in the formation of antibodies..."

Vitamin Pantothenic Acid Requirement

The Condition
"Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is required for release of energy from food; it helps in the functioning of the adrenal gland and in the formation of antibodies..."

Vitiligo

The Condition
"...Even though most people with vitiligo are in good general health, they are at greater risk of ... Addison's disease (decreased adrenal gland function)..."

Yeast / Candida Infection

The Condition
"..... Adrenal and thyroid gland malfunction..."





Last updated: Feb 28, 2008


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