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Glossary: Anemia
 


Definition
A condition resulting from an unusually low number of red blood cells or too little hemoglobin in the red blood cells. The most common type is iron-deficiency anemia in which the red blood cells are reduced in size and number, and hemoglobin levels are low. Clinical symptoms include shortness of breath, lethargy and heart palpitations.

Also: Anemias, Anaemia

Topics Related To Anemia
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)The Condition
"...of cells called "lymphoblasts" or "leukemic blasts," which fail to function as normal blood cells and 2) the blockade of the production of normal marrow cells, leading to a deficiency of red cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and normal white cells (especially neutrophils, i..."

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

The Condition
"...and accumulation of cells called "leukemic blasts" which fail to function as normal blood cells and 2) the blockade of the production of normal marrow cells, leading to a deficiency of red cells (anemia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia) and normal white cells (especially neutrophils, i..."

AIDS

Our Question about having constant fatigue
"...The fatigue may be due to anemia, depression, the HIV virus, secondary infections, hormone deficiency (testosterone, adrenal exhaustion), malnutrition, poor sleep quality or quantity, inactivity, or drug side-effects..."

Alfalfa

As A Treatment
"...Alfalfa is also good for treating anemia, bone and joint disorders, colon and digestive disorders, skin disorders and ulcers..."

Anemia (Iron deficiency)

The Condition
"Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia..."

Our Question about your gender
"In the United States, 20% of all women of childbearing age have iron-deficiency anemia (compared to 2% of adult men)..."

Relationship to Chronic Renal Insufficiency
"Patients with CRF often suffer from complications such as anemia, which occurs when failing kidneys no longer produce sufficient erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells (RBCs)..."

Relationship to Hypothyroidism
"If anemia is identified as a problem then the likelihood of Hypothyroidism is reduced..."

Relationship to Gluten Sensitivity / Celiac Disease
"Anemia is a frequent presentation of celiac disease..."

Relationship to Fibroids
"Submucous fibroids are the type that most commonly cause significant problems; even small tumors located in or bulging into the uterine cavity may cause heavy bleeding, anemia, pain, infertility or miscarriage..."

Relationship to Copper Deficiency
"Copper deficiency, due to its effects on ceruloplasmin, may cause an iron-deficiency anemia which can only be corrected with copper supplementation as it impairs iron absorption, reduces heme synthesis and increases iron accumulation in storage tissues..."

Relationship to Chronic Fatigue / Fibromyalgia Syndrome
"If anemia is identified as a problem then the likelihood of CFS is reduced..."

Relationship to Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency
"If anemia is identified as a problem then the likelihood of low adrenal function is reduced..."

Recommendation against Therapeutic Fasting
"Fasting should be avoided in severe cases of iron deficiency anemia..."

Recommendation Iron
"Iron supplementation, with as much as 200mg of elemental iron per day, is the obvious therapy for treating and preventing the recurrence of iron deficiency anemia..."

Recommendation Molybdenum
"Molybdenum may help prevent anemia by helping mobilize iron, provided there are sufficient iron stores..."

Anemia (Uncommon Nutritional)

The Condition
"In all, there are over 400 types of anemia..."

Relationship to Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
"Anemia, a deficiency of red cells, develops in almost all leukemia patients..."

Aplastic Anemia

Related Topic
"Anemia caused by failure of red blood cells to regenerate..."

Atrophic Gastritis

Relationship to Megaloblastic Anemia / Pernicious Anemia
"...In cases of Type B gastritis, PCA are lacking and there is no association with pernicious anemia or other autoimmune endocrine disorders..."

Bioflavonoid Need

Recommendation Bioflavonoids
"...No side-effects have been linked to the flavonoids except for catechin, which can occasionally cause reversible fever, hives and anemia from the breakdown of red blood cells..."

Biotin

As A Treatment
"...CIRCULATORY SYSTEM/BLOOD: Anemia, High cholesterol (LDL), Irregular heart beat..."

Biotin Requirement

The Condition
"...Signs & Symptoms Deficiency symptoms include anemia, chronic fatigue, loss of appetite, impairment of fat metabolism, irregular heartbeat, impaired cognitive skills, anorexia, baldness, alopecia, insomnia, depression, drowsiness, hallucinations,..."

Birth Control Pill Issues

The Condition
"...Birth control pills tend to cause folic acid depletion and increase the risk of cervical dysplasia and vascular thrombosis, stroke, and possibly megaloblastic anemia..."

Bone Cancer

The Condition
"...Symptoms may also include fatigue, fever, weight loss, and anemia (loss of oxygen-carrying red blood cells)..."

CBC (Complete Blood Count) Test

As A Treatment
"...While it is not run quite as frequently now, it is still used routinely to screen for, help diagnose, and to monitor a variety of conditions, such as anemia and infection..."

Chemotherapy Side-Effects

Relationship to Megaloblastic Anemia / Pernicious Anemia
"Some chemotherapy agents are known inhibitors of folic acid enzymes and as such can induce a megaloblastic anemia..."

Chlorella

As A Treatment
"...in helping to reduce the symptoms of numerous types of cancers, diabetes, low blood sugar, arthritis, AIDS, pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, peptic ulcers, viral and bacterial infections, anemia, and multiple sclerosis..."

Chronic / Hidden Infection

Relationship to Increased Folic Acid Requirement
"Folic acid deficiency anemia can lead to increased susceptibility to infection..."

Chronic Fatigue / Fibromyalgia Syndrome

The Condition
"...If these symptoms are persistent and not caused by other untreated organic problems such as anemia, cancer, diabetes, lupus, polymyalgia rheumatica, or a chronic infection such as sinusitis or Lyme’s disease, then a comprehensive treatment approach will likely help..."

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

The Condition
"...Low platelet counts and low red cell counts (anemia) may be present, but are usually only slightly decreased in the early stage of the illness..."

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

The Condition
"...They may have a pale complexion from anemia..."

Chronic Renal Failure

Related Topic
"...Common symptoms include a frequent need to urinate and swelling, as well as possible anemia, fatigue, weakness, headaches and loss of appetite..."

Chronic Renal Insufficiency

The Condition
"...Blood transfusions or medications such as iron and erythropoietin supplements may be needed to control anemia..."

Cirrhosis of the Liver

The Condition
"...Tests can reveal liver problems including ... Anemia (detected on a CBC)..."

Colon Cancer

The Condition
"...Microcytic anaemia, iron-deficiency type, due to chronic blood loss..."

Colon Cleansing

As A Treatment
"...Long-term or excessive cleansing programs can lead to problems such as anemia, malnutrition and even heart failure..."

Consequences of Splenectomy

The Condition
"...The spleen may become overactive and filter useful substances from the blood, resulting in anemia, bleeding, or infection..."

Copper

As A Treatment
"...Inadequate intake of Copper can result in such diverse symptoms as anemia, hypercholesterolemia, impaired glucose tolerance, pancreatic atrophy, cardiomyopathy, and increased mortality..."

Related Topic
"...Copper deficiency leads to a variety of abnormalities, including anemia, skeletal defects, degeneration of the nervous system, reproductive failure, pronounced cardiovascular lesions, elevated blood cholesterol, impaired immunity and defects in the pigmentation and..."

Copper Deficiency

The Condition
"Copper deficiency is uncommon, but is sometimes found in combination with iron deficiency, especially with iron deficiency anemia..."

Crohn's Disease

The Condition
"...Hypochromic, microcytic anaemia due to chronic blood loss..."

Related Topic
"...Bleeding may be serious and persistent, leading to anemia..."

Diabetes Insipidus

The Condition
"...Causes of nephrogenic DI include certain kidney diseases and can be influenced by low blood potassium level, protein starvation, high blood calcium level, sickle cell anemia and medication use (such as lithium, demeclocycline and methoxyflurane)..."

Diarrhea

The Condition
"...Short stature, weakness due to multifactorial anemia (iron, folate and occasional vitamin B12 deficiency), bone pain and spontaneous fractures from vitamin D and calcium malabsorption, bruising and bleeding related to vitamin K deficiency, gas and..."

Enlarged Spleen

The Condition
"...For example, if red blood cells are deficient, anaemia will result (with symptoms including fatigue and pallor)..."

Female Hair Loss

The Condition
"...Common causes of hair loss or hair thinning in women ... anemia (sometimes seen in runners)..."

Relationship to Iron Requirement
"Iron deficiency anemia can in some cases contribute to hair loss..."

Fibroids

Relationship to Female Infertility
"See link between Anemia and Fibroids..."

Fish Oils

As A Treatment
"...studies also suggest that fish oil may be helpful in Raynaud's phenomenon (a condition in which a person's hands and feet show abnormal sensitivity to cold temperatures), psoriasis, sickle-cell anemia, the autoimmune disease lupus, and a form of kidney disease called IgA nephropathy..."

Fluoride Toxicity

The Condition
"...Dental Update 1990; 17: 161-3] Major Related Diagnoses: Alzheimer's disease/demyelinizing diseases, anemia, arthritis, breast cancer, carpal tunnel syndrome, decrease in testosterone/spermatogenesis, altered vas deferens/testicular growth, decreased dental arch, dental crowding, delayed tooth..."

Folic Acid

As A Treatment
"...With both folic acid deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia, folic acid is usually supplemented along with vitamin B12..."

Gallbladder Disease

The Condition
"...Pigment gallstones are more likely to affect the elderly, people with cirrhosis, and those with chronic hemolytic anemia, including sickle cell anemia..."

Gastric/Peptic/Duodenal Ulcers

The Condition
"...Hemorrhage - acute, normocytic anaemia, chronic, microcytic hypochromic anaemia; occult blood in stool..."

Gastritis

The Condition
"...Laboratory Findings ... Hypochromic, microcytic anemia due to chronic blood loss..."

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

The Condition
"...Laboratory findings ... Hypochromic, microcytic anaemia, iron-deficiency type, due to chronic blood loss..."

Relationship to Anemia (Iron deficiency)
"People with long-term bleeding that tends to occur in small amounts or intermittently may develop symptoms of anemia, such as tiring easily and looking unnaturally pale..."

Glossitis

The Condition
"...Causes & Development ... Disorders such as iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia and other B-vitamin deficiencies, oral lichen planus, erythema multiforme, aphthous ulcer, pemphigus vulgaris, syphilis, and others..."

Gluten Sensitivity / Celiac Disease

The Condition
"...Latent disease may manifest itself as irritable bowel syndrome with iron deficiency anemia, but little or no diarrhea..."

Our Question about diabetes in relatives
"...If these people avoid wheat the intestine heals; however, most people are asymptomatic and the untreated condition may bring about anemia, decreased growth and malignancy of the intestine if untreated..."

Heavy Metal Toxicity

The Condition
"...Arsenic Useful lab tests include Urinalysis (Oliguria, Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria); Complete Blood Count and Peripheral Smear (Macrocytic Anemia); Tissue Exam (reveals arsenic deposits - urine, nails, hair) and Serum Arsenic levels..."

Hemochromatosis (Iron overload)

The Condition
"...Secondary iron overload may be the result of excessive transfusion therapy, poorly responding anemia being treated with iron supplementation, or chronic liver disease due to alcohol abuse..."

Our Question about your Total Iron Binding Capacity level
"While low TIBC is commonly explained by the presence of hemochromatosis, it can also be caused by hypoproteinemia from malnutrition, anemia with infection and chronic disease, and nephrosis..."

Hemolytic Anemia

The Condition
"This is an uncommon anemia that develops when red blood cells are destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace them..."

Related Topic
"Anemia caused by excessive destruction of red blood cells..."

Our Question about pressure or 'fullness' under lower left rib cage
"Most of the hemolytic anemias can cause an enlarged spleen..."

Relationship to Lupus, SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythromatosis)
"Anemia as a result of chronic inflammation is a characteristic but not especially common feature of active SLE..."

Relationship to Malaria
"Malaria may cause anemia because of the loss of red blood cells..."

Histidine

As A Treatment
"...Necessary the growth and repair of tissues; found in hemoglobin; used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, ulcers and anemia..."

Histoplasmosis

The Condition
"...Symptoms of disseminated histoplasmosis include ... myelosuppression (such as anemia)..."

Hookworm

Related Topic
"...The most common effect from hookworm infections is a varying degree of anemia..."

Hookworm Infection

The Condition
"...Signs & Symptoms The most common effect from hookworm infections is the varying degrees of anemia, depending on the level of the infection and the nutritional state of the patient..."

Hyperbaric Oxygen

As A Treatment
"...This is helpful in conditions such as severe blood loss anemia (in which the blood is unable to carry much oxygen), crush injuries, compartment syndrome graft, flap salvage and edema..."

Hypersplenism

The Condition
"...Most patients will develop an enlarged spleen, anemia, leukopenia, or abnormally low white blood cell counts, or thrombocytopenia, a deficiency of circulating platelets in the blood..."

Hypopituitarism

The Condition
"...Men develop testicular suppression with decreased libido, impotence, decreased ejaculate volume, loss of body and facial hair, weakness, fatigue and often anemia..."

Increased Folic Acid Requirement

The Condition
"...Although it occurs in both males and females, folic acid deficiency anemia most often affects women over 30..."

Intestinal Malabsorption Syndrome

The Condition
"...Anemia - macrocytic, due to impaired absorption of folate or vitamin B12; microcytic, due to iron deficiency Increased urine oxalate accompanying steatorrhea indicates an increase in colonic absorption..."

IP6 - Inositol Hexaphosphate

As A Treatment
"...cataracts, renal damage), lung fibrosis, fatty liver disease, sickle cell anemia, heart disease, high cholesterol and high triglycerides..."

Iron

Related Topic
"...Prevents anemia: as a constituent of hemoglobin, transports oxygen throughout the body..."

Iron Requirement

The Condition
"...Anemia is the most common form of iron deficiency..."

Ischemia

Related Topic
"Localized tissue anemia due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood..."

Jaundice

The Condition
"...Hemolytic jaundice is caused by excessive disintegration of erythrocytes; it occurs in hemolytic and other types of anemia and in some infectious diseases such as malaria..."

Kaposi's Sarcoma

The Condition
"...There are treatments to help relieve many of these side-effects: for example, you can receive a blood transfusion if you develop anemia, or antibiotics for infections..."

Kidney Cancer

The Condition
"...Laboratory tests may also be performed, including: Urinalysis Blood tests to detect Anemia (too few red blood cells; caused by internal bleeding, a common cancer symptom) Polycythemia (too many red blood cells; sometimes caused by cancerous tumors in the kidney that trigger the..."

Kidney Disease

The Condition
"...Causes & Development; Risk Factors High blood pressure, anemia, and bone demineralization are common in serious kidney disease..."

Leg Cramps At Night

The Condition
"...Less common causes include diabetes, Parkinson's disease, hypoglycemia, anemia, thyroid and endocrine disorders and use of some medications..."

Male Hair Loss

Relationship to Iron Requirement
"Iron deficiency anemia can in some cases contribute to hair loss..."

Megaloblastic Anemia / Pernicious Anemia

The Condition
"...Megaloblastic anemias are somewhat rare blood disorders characterized by the presence of large, structurally and visually abnormal, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts)..."

Relationship to Tapeworm Infection
"Signs of infection with large tapeworms (especially with the broad fish tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum) include conditions associated with vitamin B12 deficiency such as megaloblastic anemia..."

Relationship to Schizophrenia
"...80% of pernicious anemia patients show neurological changes and 60% exhibit personality changes..."

Relationship to Bacterial Dysbiosis
"Abnormal bacterial populations may consume cobalamin, contributing to B12 deficiency states and resulting in megaloblastic anemia..."

Recommendation Test Folic Acid Levels
"Prevention of folic acid deficiency anemia involves eating raw or lightly-cooked vegetables every day..."

Recommendation Rest
"A person with folic acid deficiency anemia should rest as often as necessary until restored energy levels make it possible to resume regular activities..."

Recommendation Test for B12 Levels
"A vitamin B12 deficiency is the most common cause of megaloblastic anemia..."

Menorrhagia (Heavy Periods)

Relationship to Fibroids
"See links from Constipation and Anemia to Fibroids..."

Recommendation Test Iron Stores (Ferritin)
"...Anemia may not yet be present when serum ferritin levels are getting low..."

Motherhood Issues

The Condition
"...These include the physical problems of fatigue, anemia, pain (from the episiotomy or Caesarean section), and breast soreness..."

Recommendation Vitamin A
"...who are vitamin A deficient are at an increased risk of appetite loss, eye problems, lower resistance to infections, more frequent and severe episodes of diarrhea and measles, iron deficiency anemia, and growth failure..."

Multiple Myeloma

The Condition
"...of malignant plasma cells increases in the bone marrow, the growth and development of red blood cells in the bone marrow may be suppressed, leading to low levels of red blood cells in the blood (anemia)..."

Multiple Sclerosis

Recommendation Test for B12 Levels
"...A vitamin B12 deficiency has very similar symptoms and is frequently misdiagnosed as MS; the type of anemia resulting from B12 deficiency is called pernicious anemia..."

Nephrotic Syndrome

The Condition
"...These include diabetes, sickle-cell anemia, amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, leukemia, lymphoma, cancer of the breast, colon, and stomach, reactions to drugs (including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,..."

Neutropenia

The Condition
"...& Prevention The Food and Drug Administration has now approved blood cell growth factors that increase the production of neutrophils, red blood cells, and platelets for the treatment of neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, respectively..."

Occult Blood Tests

As A Treatment
"...They may also be performed in the evaluation of anemia..."

Parasite Infection

The Condition
"...The victim may experience nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, anemia and listlessness..."

Recommendation Conventional Drug Use
"...should be delayed until they are feeling better); girls/women are pregnant (treatment should not be given during the first three months of pregnancy); those with chronic illness such as sickle cell anemia..."

Parsley

As A Treatment
"...Other traditional uses include the treatment of diseases of the prostate, liver, and spleen, anemia, and arthritis; as an expectorant, antimicrobial, aphrodisiac, hypotensive, laxative; and as a scalp lotion to stimulate hair growth..."

Pernicious Anemia

Related Topic
"Anemia caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency..."

Poor Memory

The Condition
"...There are many illnesses related to fatigue and poor attention span, including anemia, underactive thyroid and hyperactivity..."

Pregnancy-Related Issues

The Condition
"...Prevent Anemia with Iron..."

Recommendation Iron
"...822­8] There is some controversy about whether iron supplementation is really needed or effective, except for women such as diabetics or those with anaemia, whose iron deficiency is a real threat..."

Restless Leg Syndrome

Recommendation Iron
"...The anemia that results from an iron deficiency may or may not have appeared yet; patients whose serum ferritins were lowest initially improved the most..."

Retinopathy

The Condition
"...Sickle cell anemia also affects the blood vessels in the eyes..."

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Condition
"...Many people with RA develop anemia, or a decrease in the normal number of red blood cells..."

Scurvy

Related Topic
"...It is marked by weakness, anemia, edema, spongy gums, often with open sores in the mouth and loosening of the teeth, bleeding in the mucous membranes, and hard bumps of the muscles of the legs..."

Sickle Cell Trait / Disease

The Condition
"Sickle Cell anemia is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders..."

Sideroblastic Anemia

The Condition
"Sideroblastic anemia is a term used to describe a group of rare blood disorders characterized by the bone marrow's inability to manufacture normal red blood cells..."

Recommendation Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
"Treatment with oral pyridoxine usually benefits patients whose sideroblastic anemia was present at birth..."

Small Intestine Cancer

The Condition
"...Symptoms of advanced disease include fatigue, weight loss, iron deficiency anemia, visible blood loss (vomiting blood or a material that looks like coffee grounds, or black stools), severe nausea and vomiting (because of the blockage caused by the cancer in the small bowel),..."

Stomach Cancer

The Condition
"...The blood loss (through vomiting or passing out via stools) may go unnoticed, but over a period of time, can cause anemia..."

Susceptibility To Miscarriages

Relationship to Fibroids
"See link between Anemia and Fibroids..."

Tendency Toward Postpartum Depression

The Condition
"...When postpartum depression occurs with megaloblastic anemia, the depression many times responds extremely well to folate supplementation..."

Test Folic Acid Levels

As A Treatment
"...When trying to uncover the cause of an anemia, an RBC folate assay should be performed instead as it more accurately reflects folate levels at the time the RBC was produced..."

Testosterone

As A Treatment
"...Examples include infertility, lack of libido or erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, penile enlargement, height growth, bone marrow stimulation and reversal of anemia, and even appetite stimulation..."

Thalassemia

The Condition
"...(b) The loss of two genes (two-gene deletion alpha thalassemia) produces a condition with small red blood cells, and at most a mild anemia..."

Related Topic
"An inherited form of anemia occurring chiefly among people of Mediterranean descent, caused by faulty synthesis of part of the hemoglobin molecule..."

Therapeutic Fasting

As A Treatment
"...Counter-Indicators and Warnings Conditions for which fasting is not recommended include extreme weakness or debilitation, severe anemia, nutritional deficiencies, porphyria, evidence of weakened kidney or liver function, and pregnancy..."

Typhoid Fever

The Condition
"...typhi during third to fourth week (25%) Leukopenia - 4000/ul - 6000/ul in first two weeks; 3000/ul - 5000/ul in second two weeks Normochromic, normocytic anaemia - chronic-disease type Proteinuria during febrile period No increase in sedimentation rate Serologic tests are nonspecific..."

Ulcerative Colitis

The Condition
"...colitis may also cause problems such as arthritis, inflammation of the eye, liver disease (fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis), osteoporosis, skin rashes, anemia, and kidney stones..."

Uremia

The Condition
"...Signs & Symptoms Some of the early signs include lethargy, mental depression, loss of appetite, and edema; later symptoms include diarrhea, anemia, convulsions, coma, and a gray-brown coloration..."

Vitamin B12 Requirement

Our Question about vegetarian, vegan or raw-food-vegan diet
"Vitamin B12 deficiency is the most common cause of megaloblastic anemia..."

Recommendation Vitamin B12 (Cobalamine)
"...The form of vitamin B12 known as hydroxocobalamin is given by injection into a muscle twice during the first week and then weekly until the anemia and all other symptoms of deficiency have been fully corrected..."

Vitamin B6 Requirement

Our Question about your Mean Corpuscular Volume values
"Pyridoxine-responsive anemia is indicated by small red blood cells..."

Vitamin B-Complex Requirement

The Condition
"...Vitamin B12 is needed to prevent anemia; it aids folic acid in regulating the formation of red blood cells, and helps in the utilization of iron..."

Vitamin E

As A Treatment
"...However, this oxygen, while life-saving, may lead to serious complications such as blindness, lung engorgement and fibrosis (scar tissue), a serious form of anemia, and heart and liver damage..."

Vitamin E Requirement

The Condition
"...Signs and symptoms include dry skin, easy bruising, decreased clotting time, eczema, elevated indirect bilirubin, psoriasis, elevated heavy metals, PMS, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, beta thalassemia, cataracts, fibrocystic disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy, poor wound healing, hot flashes, growing pains and Osgood-Schlatter disease..."

Weight Loss

As A Treatment
"...There is a risk from this procedure for nutritional deficiencies including malabsorption of vitamin B12, leading to anemia and iron deficiency..."

Wernicke-Korsakoff

Related Topic
"...Symptoms include anemia, anxiety, depression, and confusion..."

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

The Condition
"...Symptoms include anemia, anxiety, depression, and confusion..."

Whipworm Infection

The Condition
"...Symptoms of whipworm infection can include diarrhea, dysentery, and anemia..."

Zinc

As A Treatment
"...People who take large doses of iron to correct anemia when they are already borderline zinc deficient can easily create a true zinc deficiency..."

Zinc Requirement

The Condition
"...Symptoms of deficiency include ... mild anemia..."





Last updated: Feb 28, 2008


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