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Glossary: Menstruation
 


Definition
The periodic discharge of blood, tissue fluid and mucus from the endometrium (lining of the uterus) that usually lasts from 3 - 5 days. It is caused by a sudden reduction in estrogens and progesterone.

Also: Menses, Menstrual, Menstrual Cycle, Menstrual Cycles, Menstrual Flow, Menstrual Phase, Monthly Cycle

Topics Related To Menstruation
AdenomyosisThe Condition
"...When the endometrial tissue bleeds during menstruation, the old tissue and blood cannot get out of the muscle and flow out of the cervix as part of normal menses..."

Adolescent Acne

The Condition
"...Some young women are more prone to occasional acne flare-ups due to their use of cosmetics and the hormonal changes associated with their menstrual cycle..."

Alfalfa

As A Treatment
"...Alfalfa has shown some estrogenic activity and may be useful in treating problems with menstruation and menopause..."

Amenorrhea

The Condition
"Amenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by absent menstrual periods for more than three monthly menstrual cycles, and may be classified as primary or secondary..."

Related Topic
"Absence or suppression of menses..."

Our Question about progestin use
"Injected progestins have been the standard form of injected contraceptive - and are very effective - but they can have severe effects on the menstrual cycle..."

Relationship to Brain Tumor
"Amenorrhea (abnormal cessation of menstruation) is usually explained by something else..."

Relationship to Hypothyroidism
"In many cases, an underactive or overactive thyroid gland is responsible for the absent menstrual cycles..."

Relationship to The Effects Of Overtraining
"Many young female athletes in training experience absent menstrual cycles due to low body fat content..."

Relationship to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
"In many women with polycystic ovaries, menstruation begins at the normal age..."

Andropause/Male Menopause

The Condition
"...Part of the reason for the controversy is that, in contrast to women, men do not have a clear-cut external sign, namely the cessation of menstruation..."

Anemia (Iron deficiency)

Our Question about your gender
"...The primary cause is blood lost during menstruation..."

Aspartame (Nutrasweet) Avoidance

As A Treatment
"...hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia), menstrual cramps and other menstrual problems or changes, impotency and sexual problems, food cravings, weight gain, hair loss / baldness or thinning of hair, burning urination & other urination..."

Bone Density Scan

As A Treatment
"...In general, this testing is recommended for women 65 and older along with younger postmenopausal women who have further risk factors for osteoporosis, including ... Early menopause or late onset of menstrual periods..."

Breast Cancer

The Condition
"...Early onset of menstrual periods Late menopause - Women who menstruate for more than 40 years seem to be at particular risk..."

Our Question about age at puberty onset (female)
"Early onset of menarche (beginning of the menstrual function) is a recognized risk factor for breast cancer, while a later menarche has been associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer..."

Recommendation Plant-Based Nutrition
"...Regarding children, plant-based diets may encourage a later menarche (beginning of the menstrual function), which has been shown to be associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in epidemiologic studies..."

Castor Oil

As A Treatment
"...Counter-Indicators and WarningsPrecautions include avoiding meal times, not using the pack during heavy menses, and avoiding contact with fabric that could become stained..."

Chanca Piedra (Break-Stone)

As A Treatment
"...a digestive, carminative (helps gas to be expelled from stomach and intestines), and vermifuge (expels worms and other parasites from the intestinal tract), diuretic, and emmenagogue (stimulates menstrual flow)..."

Chaparral

As A Treatment
"...It was used by Native American populations for indications including chicken pox (varicella), colds, diarrhea, menstrual cramps, pain, rheumatic diseases, skin disorders, snake bites, and as an emetic..."

Chinese Thoroughwax

As A Treatment
"...It can be used to relieve spasms, muscle tension, lumps, bleeding due to heat and menstrual irregularity..."

Colic

Related Topic
"Cramping or spasms of a smooth muscle tube, such as the uterus (menstrual cramps) the ureters (passing kidney stones) or the stomach (stomach ache)..."

Corticosteroids

As A Treatment
"...Anyone who is taking corticosteroids and has any of the symptoms listed below should check with the physician who prescribed the medicine as soon as possible ... Menstrual problems..."

Cushing's Syndrome / Hypercortisolism

The Condition
"...These include polycystic ovarian syndrome, which may cause menstrual disturbances, weight gain from adolescence, excess hair growth and sometimes impaired insulin action and diabetes..."

Cystitis, Bacterial bladder Infection

Recommendation Personal Hygiene Changes
"...During menstruation, change sanitary pads every 2-3 hours and tampons every 4-5 hours..."

Depression

Recommendation Tryptophan / 5HTP
"...Depression associated with menstrual cycles and postpartum depression sometimes respond very well to tryptophan supplementation..."

Diabetes Mellitus

Related Topic
"...urination; weight loss in spite of increased appetite; fatigue; nausea; vomiting; frequent infections including bladder, vaginal, and skin; blurred vision; impotence in men; bad breath; cessation of menses; diminished skin fullness..."

Diabetes Type II

Our Question about the average length of your menstrual cycle
"Researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital have found that women who have long or very irregular menstrual cycles may have an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus..."

Dong Quai

As A Treatment
"...Some women find that the use of dong quai during menstruation increases bleeding, and this should be monitored..."

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

Related Topic
"Any abnormality of menstruation or bleeding caused by a hormonal disorder..."

Dysmenorrhea

Related Topic
"Difficult or painful menstruation..."

Edema (Water Retention)

Relationship to Progesterone Low or Estrogen Dominance
"...Ovarian function was investigated in 30 women with postural idiopathic edema by measuring plasma estradiol and progesterone levels between the 21st and 23rd days of the menstrual cycle..."

Endometrial Polyps

The Condition
"...If a woman does not become pregnant, the endometrial lining sheds, causing a menstrual period..."

Endometriosis

The Condition
"...This condition causes tissue such as the endometrium (the tissue inside the uterus which is shed each month during menses) to build up outside the lining of the uterus, or in other parts of the uterus or other areas of the body..."

Related Topic
"...Symptoms typically occur in a cyclic fashion with menstrual periods, the most common being pelvic pain and cramping before and during periods; pain during intercourse; inability to conceive; fatigue; painful urination during periods; gastrointestinal..."

Recommendation Surgery
"Laser techniques to destroy endometrial tissue are currently popular in conventional medicine as is removing the uterus, ovaries (and perhaps appendix) thus stopping the menstrual cycle altogether..."

Evening Primrose Oil

As A Treatment
"...In one study, administration of 4 capsules of OEP (each containing 72% linoleic acid and 9% GLA) twice daily during the last 14 days of the menstrual cycle relieved PMS symptoms..."

False Unicorn

As A Treatment
"...Considered a uterine tonic, it is often used for painful menstration, pelvic fullness, and excessive menstrual bleeding..."

Female Infertility

The Condition
"...Time intercourse to coincide with ovulation, which usually occurs midway between menstrual periods..."

Recommendation Vitex / Chasteberry
"Vitex is often used to help infertility caused by a luteal phase defect (a shortening of the post-ovulatory part of the menstrual cycle): women taking vitex for three months appear to have more success at becoming pregnant..."

Recommendation Natural Progesterone
"...The lack of normal progesterone production by the ovaries in the second half of the menstrual cycle is called luteal phase defect..."

Fennel

As A Treatment
"...It also has been used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, indigestion, to stimulate lactation and as an expectorant and to stimulate menstrual flow..."

Feverfew

As A Treatment
"...Feverfew has been helpful in other conditions such as general swelling, arthritis, promoting menstrual flow and as a digestive aid..."

Fibrocystic Breast Disease

The Condition
"...Both breasts become tender or painful and lumpy, and the symptoms vary at different times in the menstrual cycle..."

Fibroids

The Condition
"...Since they are located in the uterine endometrium, they can cause heavy or prolonged bleeding during menstruation Subserous or Subserosal fibroids develop on the outside of the uterus and usually have the least symptoms..."

Fish Oils

As A Treatment
"...Various essential fatty acids, including fish oil, flaxseed oil, and GLA (gamma-linolenic acid), are widely recommended for dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain), and two studies suggest that fish oil may indeed be effective..."

Folic Acid

As A Treatment
"...Folic acid is often used when there are any menstrual problems..."

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

As A Treatment
"...This activity has made GABA supplements one of the more useful substances for nerve-induced muscle spasms, Myofacial Pain Syndrome, trigger point pain, fibromyalgia, and some menstrual cramping..."

Ginger Root

As A Treatment
"...For women: It may be of use in ovarian and menstrual pain..."

Gulf War Illness

The Condition
"...Multiple Cancers; Auto-Immune Deficiencies; Unusual Fevers; Night Sweats; Fluid Buildup; Sleep Disturbances; Gastrointestinal signs or symptoms; Genetic Alterations; Abnormal Births; Birth Defects; Menstrual Problems; Reduced IQ; Confusion; Memory Loss; Blood In Stools and Urine; Fybromyligia; Epstein Barr Syndrome; Sinus Diseases; Micoplasma Fermentans; Incognitis Infections; Unusual Hair Loss;..."

Headaches

The Condition
"...Women may find fluctuating hormone levels (due to ovulation, menstruation, or birth control pills) are a contributing factor..."

Hemochromatosis (Iron overload)

The Condition
"...Conversely, blood donation, physiologic blood loss (through menstruation and pregnancy), and pathologic blood loss (for example, through peptic ulceration or inflammatory bowel disease) may decrease the amount of iron stored in the liver..."

Hepatitis

The Condition
"...Discard used items such as bandages and menstrual pads carefully so no one is accidentally exposed to your blood..."

Herpes Simplex Type II

The Condition
"...General causes of recurrent genital infection include common stressful conditions such as menstruation, emotional upset, pregnancy, and local trauma to the genitalia..."

High Body Fat Percentage

The Condition
"...Too low a body fat percentage results in amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods) in women, because the body senses inadequate energy reserves or high physical stress -- and won't sustain a pregnancy, for example..."

Hirsutism

The Condition
"...of ovulation Disorders of the adrenal glands Use of androgens Older age Signs & Symptoms Symptoms and signs may include: Excess hair growth (on the face, arms, legs, or chest) Abnormal or absent menstrual periods Decreased breast size Male-pattern baldness (in a woman) Deepened voice Increased size of clitoris High blood pressure Enlarged adrenal glands Enlarged ovaries Diagnosis & Tests An..."

Hormones

Related Topic
"...Hormones signal certain enzymes to perform their functions and, in this way, regulate such body functions as blood sugar levels, insulin levels, the menstrual cycle, and growth..."

Hydrotherapy

As A Treatment
"...Constitutional Hydrotherapy is recommended for ... Menstrual cramps..."

Hypopituitarism

The Condition
"...Risk factors are related to the cause and may include previous history of diabetes insipidus, previous history of adrenal insufficiency, previous history of a pituitary tumor, cessation of menses in a premenopausal woman, and short stature..."

Hypothyroidism

The Condition
"...Symptoms include generalized fatigue, weight gain, thinning (brittle) hair, dry scaly skin, thin nails that break easily, constipation, alterations in menses, aching muscles, and slow heart rate..."

IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)

The Condition
"...Researchers also have found that women with IBS may have more symptoms during their menstrual periods, suggesting that reproductive hormones may exacerbate the problem..."

Insomnia

Recommendation Kava
"...Kava (piper methysticum) has been proven to be especially effective in treating refractory sleep disorders, including those involving headaches, menstrual cramps, and gastrointestinal disorders..."

Interstitial Cystitis

Related Topic
"...In many women, the symptoms get worse before their menstrual period..."

Iron Requirement

The Condition
"...chronic diarrhoea or malabsorption syndrome), increased iron demands (as in pregnancy) and abnormal loss of blood from the body (for example hookworm, gastric ulcers and frequent or excessive menstruation)..."

Ladies' Slipper

As A Treatment
"...It has been prescribed by herbalists in combination with other botanicals for insomnia, nervous irritability, menstrual irregularities, mental depression and childhood excitability..."

Lady's Mantle

As A Treatment
"...This is often used in cases of menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding)..."

Lei Gong Teng

As A Treatment
"...In female patients treated with TP, reduction of menses was noted 4 weeks after initiation of therapy, and amenorrhea was observed in 30% and 90% of the cases respectively 3 months after and 6 months after starting use of the extract..."

Lithosperma

As A Treatment
"...Lithosperma is useful in balancing hyperestrinism and balancing irregular menstrual cycles..."

Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency

Our Question about hot flashes
"Adrenal estrogen seems to be necessary to avoid hot flashes during normal menses when the ovarian production of estrogen drops..."

Low Back Pain

The Condition
"...In women, gynecological conditions such as endometriosis, menstrual cramps, fibroid tumors, and pregnancy are sometimes the cause..."

Magnesium

As A Treatment
"...Magnesium supplements have been found useful for: Angina, Asthma, Gall Stones, Menstrual cramps, High blood pressure, Hyperactivity, Glucose intolerance - diabetes and hypoglycemia, Fatigue, Fibromyalgia, Prevention of hearing loss, Kidney stones, Leg cramps, Migraine,..."

Menopause

Related Topic
"The cessation of menstruation (usually not official until 12 months have passed without periods), occurring at the average age of 52..."

Menorrhagia

Related Topic
"Abnormally heavy and/or long menstrual period..."

Menorrhagia (Heavy Periods)

The Condition
"Menorrhagia is the term for excessive menstrual bleeding i..."

Relationship to Progesterone Low or Estrogen Dominance
"In a normal menstrual cycle, estrogen and progesterone regulate the buildup of the endometrium (uterine lining of blood and tissue), which is shed each month during menstruation..."

Recommendation Vitamin K
"Based on its ability to help blood clot normally, vitamin K has been proposed as a treatment for excessive menstrual bleeding and is beneficial for some women..."

Recommendation Test Thyroid Function
"The association of hypothyroidism with menstrual disturbances is well known..."

Recommendation Essential Fatty Acids
"Omega 3 EFAs may reduce bleeding in adolescent girls and improve other menstrual symptoms generally in women..."

Metrorrhagia

The Condition
"...The bleeding, usually of normal or slight amount, occurs at either irregular or regular intervals outside of the normal menstrual flow..."

Migraine/Tension Headaches

The Condition
"Headaches are commonly classified under categories such as tension, sinus, migraine, menstrual and cluster among others..."

Our Question about menstruation-related headaches
"...In 60-70% of cases in women, the headaches are related to the menstrual cycle..."

Motherwort

As A Treatment
"...Any menstrual irregularity has been treated at one time or other with motherwort..."

Myasthenia Gravis

The Condition
"...Exacerbations may also occur before the menstrual period and during or shortly after pregnancy..."

Natural Progesterone

As A Treatment
"...Progesterone levels are best taken approximately seven days before menstruation..."

Noni

As A Treatment
"...The green fruit, leaves and the root/rhizome have traditionally been used to treat menstrual cramps and irregularities, among other symptoms, while the root has also been used to treat urinary difficulties..."

Oregon Grape Root

As A Treatment
"...Traditional uses of Oregon grape include: acne, arthritis, bronchial congestion, chronic fatigue, eczema, hepatitis, herpes, hypoglycemia, indigestion, lymphatic congestion, menstrual problems, psoriasis, scrofula, syphilis, and vaginitis..."

Ovarian Cysts

The Condition
"...If pregnancy does not occur, the woman will experience a menstrual period as part of the process of the disappearing corpus luteum cyst..."

Ovary

Related Topic
"...They usually produce one egg each month and whether the egg is fertilized or not, the reproductive process follows a monthly cycle, with constant changes in various hormone levels, preparing another opportunity for conception..."

Painful Menstruation (Dysmenorrhea)

The Condition
"Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful periods or menstrual cramps..."

Relationship to Endometriosis
"Endometriosis is the most common cause of menstrual cramps..."

Recommendation Magnesium
"Menstrual cramps, irritability, fatigue, depression, and water retention have been lessened with magnesium, usually given along with calcium and often with vitamin B6..."

Recommendation Inositol Hexaniacinate
"...Hudgins reported on a group of 80 women suffering from painful menstrual cramps who were supplemented with 100mg niacin twice daily, beginning 7 to 10 days before the onset of menses and then every 2 to 3 hours during heavy cramps..."

Recommendation Vitamin E
"Supplementation with vitamin E (500 IU per day) from 2 days before menstrual onset through the third day of bleeding, for two consecutive menstrual cycles, reduced pain in a placebo-controlled trial of 100 young women with primary dysmenorrhea..."

Recommendation Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
"In a well-designed controlled trial of 556 girls with moderate to severe menstrual cramping, vitamin B1 (100mg daily by mouth) for 3 months produced startling results..."

Parsley

As A Treatment
"...Parsley oil also was used to regulate menstrual flow in the treatment of amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, and is purported to be an abortifacient..."

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

The Condition
"...The cervical mucous plug and secretions may help prevent the spread of microorganisms to the upper genital tract, but it may be less effective during ovulation and menses..."

Perimenopausal Issues

The Condition
"...Indicators include irregular menstrual bleeding, severe mood swings, and episodes of anxiety or depression..."

Perimenopause

Related Topic
"A transition time during which menstrual periods can become irregular and symptoms of menopause may be experienced prior to menopause..."

Phyllanthus

As A Treatment
"...[4] Phyllanthus has a wide number of traditional uses: employing the whole plant for jaundice, gonorrhea, frequent menstruation, and diabetes and using it topically as a poultice for skin ulcers, sores, swelling, and itchiness..."

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

The Condition
"...Hormones and birth control pills will give regular menstrual cycles and may reduce abnormal hair growth..."

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

The Condition
"...Physical ... Missed menstrual cycle..."

Postmenopause

Related Topic
"The postmenopausal phase of a woman's life begins when 12 full months have passed since the last menstrual period and any menopausal symptoms have become milder and/or less frequent..."

Premenstrual Syndrome

Related Topic
"PMS consists of various physical and/or emotional symptoms that occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle, after ovulation..."

Relationship to Manganese Requirement
"In a double blind study of women with normal menstrual cycles, lower dietary manganese (1..."

Recommendation Vitamin A
"Vitamin A has been shown to be beneficial in reducing PMS symptoms when given in doses of 100,000 to 300,000 IU per day in the second half of the menstrual cycle..."

Recommendation Magnesium
"Menstrual cramps, irritability, fatigue, depression and water retention have been lessened by taking supplemental magnesium, usually given along with calcium and often with vitamin B6..."

Recommendation Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
"...In another study, premenstrual acne flare-up was reduced in 72% of 106 affected young women taking 50mg of pyridoxine daily for one week prior and during the menstrual period..."

Recommendation Vitex / Chasteberry
"...2mg of vitex agnus castus dried fruit, daily for three consecutive menstrual cycles..."

Premenstrual Syndrome PMS D (Depression)

Recommendation Magnesium
"...Menstrual cramps, irritability, fatigue, depression and water retention have been lessened with magnesium, usually given along with calcium and often with vitamin B6..."

Problems Caused By Being Overweight

Recommendation Raw Food Diet
"...Women adhering to the stricter forms stated that their menstruation became infrequent or stopped altogether..."

Progesterone Low or Estrogen Dominance

The Condition
"...Research has shown that many women in their 30s - some even younger - will occasionally not ovulate during their menstrual month..."

Radiation Therapy (Radio Therapy)

As A Treatment
"...Women's menstrual periods may stop, and they may have hot flashes and vaginal dryness..."

Raw Food Diet

As A Treatment
"...Most of the women suffered menstrual irregularities and half of the women lost their menstrual periods altogether, which could lead to devastating osteoporosis..."

Schizophrenia

The Condition
"...This condition can produce a number of symptoms including lactation by a non-nursing woman and irregular or absent menstrual periods..."

Seizure Disorder

The Condition
"...Known causes of seizures include ... Hormone changes experienced during pregnancy and menstruation..."

Shepherd's Purse

As A Treatment
"...When taken internally, shepherd's purse can reduce heavy menstrual periods, and it has been used to treat postpartum hemorrhage..."

Squawvine

As A Treatment
"...The plant was used to ease menstrual cramps, strengthen the uterus for childbirth, and prevent miscarriage..."

Tendency Toward Postpartum Depression

The Condition
"...Depression associated with menstrual cycles and postpartum depression sometimes responds very well to tryptophan supplementation..."

Recommendation Tryptophan / 5HTP
"Depression associated with menstrual cycles and postpartum depression sometimes respond very well to tryptophan supplementation..."

Test Estrogen Level

As A Treatment
"Estrogens are the hormones responsible for female sexual features such as breast development and the menstrual cycle..."

Test for Hormones

As A Treatment
"...Timing of the test in relation to the menstrual cycle is important for accurate and usable results with regard to estrogens and progesterone levels..."

Test Iron Stores (Ferritin)

As A Treatment
"...For reproductive-aged females, an additional route is the menstrual flux, which accounts for a wildly variable incremental loss..."

Thuja

As A Treatment
"...History; SourceNative Americans of the eastern United States and Canada used thuja for generations to treat menstrual problems, headaches, and heart ailments..."

Urinalysis

As A Treatment
"...In females, the specimen may cont contain vaginal contaminants such as trichomonads, yeast, and during menses, red cells..."

Uterine Fibroids

Related Topic
"...Some women never have symptoms, the most common of which are: heavy or prolonged menstrual periods; abnormal bleeding between menstrual periods; pelvic pain; frequent urination; low back pain; pain during intercourse; a firm mass, often located near the middle of the pelvis, which..."

Vaginal Depletion Pack

As A Treatment
"...It should not be used during menstruation..."

Vaginal Dryness

The Condition
"...It is also common to experience vaginal dryness when douching too often, using tampons or just prior to menstruation..."

Vaginitis/Vaginal Infection

The Condition
"...Other factors such as wearing tight clothing, underwear, menstrual protection, feminine hygiene sprays and diet were not associated with candidiasis..."

Recommendation Boric Acid
"...593-7] If recurrent yeast infections have been a problem, they can be prevented by using one capsule of boric acid vaginally at bedtime twice per week, beginning one week after menstruation..."

Valerian Root

As A Treatment
"...It can also help relieve headaches, menstrual cramps and constipation or indigestion from nervous tension..."

Vitex / Chasteberry

As A Treatment
"Vitex, also called Chasteberry or Chaste Berry, is one of the most popular botanicals in Europe for treating menstrual disorders and has been recognized as gentle and effective for 2,500 years..."

Vulvodynia / Vestibulitis

The Condition
"...Additionally, during your menstrual period, if you cannot tolerate a tampon string, you may cut off the string prior to insertion..."

Recommendation Hot Applications (Thermotherapy)
"...This can be done by placing the tea bags on menstrual pads to hold them in place or you can take a sitz bath in which tea bags have been soaked..."

Weight Loss

As A Treatment
"...Women may experience irregular menstrual periods..."

White Peony Root

As A Treatment
"The effects of White Peony include nourishing the blood, regulating menstruation, reinforcing yin with astringent action to stop sweating, nourishing the liver pain and suppressing the liver-yang..."

Yarrow

As A Treatment
"...King's American Dispensary lists yarrow as one of the best agents for relief of menorrhagia (profuse menstrual bleeding) because of its ability to relax the uterine wall..."

Yeast / Candida Infection

The Condition
"...Genitourinary ... Endometriosis (irregular or painful menstruation)..."

Zinc Requirement

The Condition
"...Symptoms of deficiency include ... disturbance of menstrual periods, pre-menstrual syndrome..."





Last updated: Nov 14, 2009


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