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Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small worm-like pouch attached to the large bowel.
Incidence; Causes & Development
Appendicitis can happen at any age but most cases occur between 8 and 25 years of age; it is rarely seen in children aged under two years. Among young people, appendicitis is probably the most common cause of stomach pain requiring emergency surgery.
In most cases, the specific reason for the inflammation is not known but it is sometimes caused by small pieces of hardened stool that get stuck in the appendix.
Signs & Symptoms
The symptoms can be extremely variable but often follow a classic pattern. The first sign is usually a pain or discomfort in the centre of the abdomen, which comes and goes in waves and is often thought at first to be a simple stomach upset. After a few hours, the pain becomes more noticeable and constant in the lower right part of the stomach, increased by movement or coughing. The patient often loses their appetite, feels sick, and vomits. The temperature is raised and the complexion becomes flushed. The breath may smell offensive.
In many such instances a careful clinical examination is as good as or better than expensive high-tech tests. Six aspects of the history exam and the presence of at least four of seven physical symptoms provide the best method for diagnosing appendicitis without the aid of surgical methods. Observation of right lower-quadrant pain, rigidity of the lower abdominal muscle wall and migration of pain from the left side to the right side of the abdomen are the three most prominent clinical findings that indicate a high probability of appendicitis.
Other clinical signs and symptoms that are found to be useful in accurately diagnosing appendicitis include pain before vomiting, irritation of the psoas muscle (found in the lower abdomen), fever, rebound tenderness, guarding (voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscle), no history of similar pain, rectal tenderness, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Diagnosis & Tests
There is no one test that will diagnose appendicitis with certainty.
Acute Appendicitis -- Laboraroty findings:- Early increase in WBC (to 12,000/ul - 14,000/ul; later up to 20,000/ul); more than 75% neutrophils with a "shift to the left"
- Normal sedimentation rate
Laboratory findings of complications include dehydration - decreased urine volume; increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), hematocrit, and urine specific gravity; abscess formation; increased sedimentation rate; peritonitis.
Complications
Some 20% of patients who undergo surgery turn out to have a ruptured appendix. This increases the risk of peritonitis, a more widespread and serious abdominal inflammation. Adhesions from postoperative scar tissue may develop and block or obstruct the bowel. Fortunately, this only happens in a small number of all patients. The condition usually occurs within three months of the operation.
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Signs, symptoms & indicators of Appendicitis:
Recommendations and treatments for Appendicitis: | | | | | Surgery/Invasive |  Surgery | Surgery is performed on the basis of a doctor's examination and the results of tests. Many diseases can cause the same symptoms as appendicitis which is why surgeons find a normal appendix in some 3 out of 10 operations. Surgical removal of the appendix (appendicectomy) is the recommended treatment and is usually performed under general anesthesia. In uncomplicated cases, a 2-3 day hospital stay is typical. |
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KEY | | Strong or generally accepted link |  | | Strongly counter-indicative | | | Highly recommended |
GLOSSARY
Abdomen (Abdominal)
That part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the stomach, intestines, liver, bladder, pancreas and other organs.
Acute
An illness or symptom of sudden onset, which generally has a short duration.
Anesthesia
Loss of sensation caused by neurological dysfunction or a pharmacological depression of nerve function.
Anorexia Nervosa (Anorexia)
An eating disorder characterized by excess control - a morbid fear of obesity leads the sufferer to try and limit or reduce their weight by excessive dieting, exercising, vomiting, purging and use of diuretics. Sufferers are typically more than 15% below the average weight for their height/sex/age and typically have amenorrhea (if female) or low libido (if male). 1-2% of female teenagers are anorexic.
Microliter (uL)
0.000001 or one millionth of a liter.
Nausea
Symptoms resulting from an inclination to vomit.
Neutrophils (Neutrophil)
Another name for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the most common type of blood-carried white blood cell, and the first mobile resistance cell to come to the rescue in injury.
Scar Tissue
Fibrous tissue replacing normal tissues destroyed by injury or disease.
Stomach
A hollow, muscular, J-shaped pouch located in the upper part of the abdomen to the left of the midline. The upper end (fundus) is large and dome-shaped; the area just below the fundus is called the body of the stomach. The fundus and the body are often referred to as the cardiac portion of the stomach. The lower (pyloric) portion curves downward and to the right and includes the antrum and the pylorus. The function of the stomach is to begin digestion by physically breaking down food received from the esophagus. The tissues of the stomach wall are composed of three types of muscle fibers: circular, longitudinal and oblique. These fibers create structural elasticity and contractibility, both of which are needed for digestion. The stomach mucosa contains cells which secrete hydrochloric acid and this in turn activates the other gastric enzymes pepsin and rennin. To protect itself from being destroyed by its own enzymes, the stomach’s mucous lining must constantly regenerate itself.
White Blood Cell (WBC, White Blood Cells)
A blood cell that does not contain hemoglobin: a blood corpuscle responsible for maintaining the body's immune surveillance system against invasion by foreign substances such as viruses or bacteria. White cells become specifically programmed against foreign invaders and work to inactivate and rid the body of a foreign substance. White blood cells are composed primarily of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are either T-cells or B-cells. T-cells (CD3 cells) are divided into T-helper (CD4 cells) and T-suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8 cells) cells.
Last updated: Nov 14, 2009
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