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In the United States, acute diarrhea is the second most commonly reported illness after respiratory infections. Worldwide, diarrhea is the leading cause of death in children under four years of age.
Diarrhea is best defined as an abnormal looseness of the stool, and may include changes in stool frequency, consistency, urgency and continence, often with the related symptoms of cramping and bloating. The symptom of diarrhea, however, is to a large extent subjective; people define it based on their own experience. Diarrhea becomes a problem when the change in bowel habits becomes annoying or distressing to the individual, or when it is associated with or causes a change in the person's well-being.
Acute Diarrhea
Acute diarrhea is defined as the passage of a greater number of stools of looser form than is customary, with a duration lasting no longer than 2 weeks, often with discomfort from associated gas, cramping and bloating. Severity of diarrhea may be defined as mild (no changes in activities required by the patient), moderate (change in activities required but the person is able to function), or severe (patient is disabled, often confined to bed or room). The incidence of acute diarrhea in the United States is approximately one episode per person per year, making it one of the most common medical disorders seen by primary care practitioners.
Chronic Diarrhea
Chronic diarrhea, especially if associated with abdominal pain or systemic symptoms, can limit activity, adversely influence quality of life, and pose diagnostic and management challenges to health care providers. Chronic diarrhea is defined as an increased stool frequency and fluidity (looseness) lasting more than two weeks. It should be distinguished from other conditions such as incontinence, which is involuntary defecation. Careful history and physical examination can determine the likely cause of most chronic diarrhea and direct subsequent diagnostic evaluation and treatment. One approach to the problem is to determine whether diarrheal stools are bloody, fatty or watery.
Causes & Development
Causes of Acute Diarrhea: The volume of the diarrhea may help to localize the disease process within the GI tract. Frequent, small-volume bowel movements typically are associated with diseases of the left colon or rectum, and watery large-volume diarrhea suggest disorders of the small bowel or proximal colon. Urgency and cramping typically indicates inflammation in the rectum. Nocturnal diarrhea may be seen in infectious colitis or severe inflammatory bowel disease, and is not a feature of irritable bowel syndrome.
It is important to investigate medication use; acute diarrhea is a common side-effect of a "new" medicine or one containing magnesium. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is frequent, whether as a result of the medication itself or secondary to the production of a toxin by Clostridium difficile. The use of alcohol or illicit drugs (particularly methamphetamine) is another factor.
The intake of coffee, tea or colas may lead to caffeine- or methylxanthine-induced diarrhea. Dietetic foods, gums or mints may contain poorly-absorbed sugars such as sorbitol or mannitol which cause osmotic diarrhea.
"Traveler's diarrhea", usually caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, is very common, particularly in travelers to developing portions of the world, such as Mexico, the Mid-East and India. Some more unusual infections are suggested by the site of the recent travel. For example, camping in the mountains (and drinking untreated water) raises concern for Giardia lamblia infection. With increased international and adventure travel have come more exotic pathogens that need to be considered. Infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis or Cryptosporidium parvum from travel to Nepal or St. Petersburg (Leningrad) respectively, are illustrative.
Living in proximity to farm animals, or visiting petting zoos may lead to exposure to Salmonella, Brucella, or Cryptosporidia. Eating contaminated foods such as ground beef may expose a person to Escherichia coli O157:H7, a cause of bloody diarrhea. Campylobacter infection may result from eating undercooked chicken or turkey. Health care workers are at increased risk for nosocomial infections (e.g. Clostridium difficile). Sexual orientation and practices may yield clues as to the etiology of diarrhea. Anal intercourse is a risk factor for proctitis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia or Herpes simplex in addition to more common bacterial pathogens. With the AIDS pandemic, one needs to be alert for opportunistic infections that may present as acute diarrheal illness.
Causes of Chronic Diarrhea
The most likely cause of chronic bloody diarrhea is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), i.e. ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Symptoms of tenesmus or incomplete evacuation suggest rectal inflammation. A palpable abdominal mass or tenderness, perianal fistulae, oral aphthous ulcers, sacroiliac, spinal or peripheral arthropathy, or skin changes (erythema nodosum or pyoderma gangrenosum) all suggest a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease.
Less common causes of chronic bloody diarrhea include ischemia, infections (Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium difficile, Entamoeba histolytica, Yersinia and Cytomegalovirus), radiation or chemotherapy, and colon cancer or polyps (villous adenoma).
Maldigestion or malabsorption of fat can lead to chronic diarrhea. Fatty stools typically are bulky, greasy, and particularly malodorous. They may float because of excess gas content resulting from bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed dietary material. Individuals with maldigestion often are not systemically ill and can maintain their weight and activity in spite of massive steatorrhea because of a voracious appetite. The most frequent cause of maldigestion is pancreatic insufficiency caused by chronic pancreatitis. Those with suspected maldigestion should be asked about alcohol abuse, the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis in the United States. Severe or recurrent abdominal pain, profound weight loss, abdominal trauma or a positive family history may suggest less common causes of pancreatic insufficiency such as traumatic or hereditary pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, congenital structural pancreatic abnormalities (pancreas divisum) or pancreatic cancer. Bile salt deficiency due to biliary tract obstruction, cholestatic liver disease, bacterial overgrowth or excessive stool losses (IBD, terminal ileal resection) also can lead to maldigestion but usually this is not associated with significant steatorrhea.
Small bowel mucosal disease or surgical resection (e.g., for Crohn's disease or bowel infarction) leads to malabsorption of fats as well as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals, all of which can result in weight loss and various systemic signs and symptoms. Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac sprue) is the most common mucosal cause of malabsorption in the United States. Individuals with sprue are likely to have a positive family history, history of diabetes or skin lesions (dermatitis herpetiformis) and have manifestations of panmalabsorption dating back to childhood or adolescence. Short stature, weakness due to multifactorial anemia (iron, folate and occasional vitamin B12 deficiency), bone pain and spontaneous fractures from vitamin D and calcium malabsorption, bruising and bleeding related to vitamin K deficiency, gas and bloating due to carbohydrate malabsorption, and edema from albumin and protein loss are typical complaints of those with sprue and other small bowel mucosal diseases. Whipple's disease, tropical sprue, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are less common mucosal conditions leading to malabsorption.
Many disorders can cause chronic watery diarrhea including carbohydrate malabsorption (lactose intolerance, sorbitol, fructose), intestinal infections or inflammation, unusual hormone-secreting tumors, and irritable bowel syndrome. Careful medication history is important since such medications as NSAIDs, antacids, elixirs (containing sorbitol and fructose), antihypertensives, cholinergic agents, antibiotics, and antiarrhythmics all can cause diarrhea in some individuals. Most commonly, carbohydrate malabsorption induces an osmotic diarrhea accompanied by abdominal bloating and flatulence that is associated with meals. Such osmotic diarrhea typically abates during periods of fasting. Lactase deficiency, either ethnically acquired (more common in Asian-Americans, African- Americans) or secondary to acute infectious enteritis can lead to diarrhea following ingestion of milk, cheese, ice cream and other dairy products. Less commonly recognized causes of diarrhea due to carbohydrate malabsorption include ingestion of sorbitol and fructose found in certain soft drinks, juices, dried fruits, and "sugar-free" gum or candy. A history of any relation of diarrhea to foods is important to obtain, particularly in children who seem to be more sensitive to ingested sorbitol and fructose and in older adults who may have chronic mesenteric ischemia.
Giardiasis can produce chronic symptoms, as can some opportunistic infections (e.g., microsporidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, infection with MAI or CMV) in immunosuppressed individuals. Epidemics of chronic diarrhea have occurred following ingestion of unpasteurized milk (Brainerd's diarrhea) but no infectious agent has been isolated in such cases. In some individuals, diarrhea may persist for months following apparent acute infectious enteritis, presumably due to secondary carbohydrate malabsorption or dysmotility from intestinal neuromuscular injury. An unusual condition, microscopic colitis, can cause chronic persistent watery diarrhea in middle-aged or older individuals. While the cause of microscopic colitis is unknown, it has been linked to gluten-sensitive enteropathy, diabetes, and NSAID use, and can, in some individuals, cause nocturnal stooling and fecal incontinence.
Diabetes presumably causes chronic watery diarrhea as a result of intestinal neuropathy, bacterial overgrowth, or both. Diabetic diarrhea can occur at night, be interspersed with periods of constipation, and be associated with fecal incontinence. Individuals with diabetic diarrhea usually have severe long-standing glucose intolerance associated with other diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy.
Several unusual hormone-producing neoplasms can cause watery diarrhea. These include carcinoid tumors and tumors producing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and glucagon. Large volume and frequent watery stools that persist during fasting and that are associated with severe fluid and electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration characterize these endocrine neoplasms. Family history of multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome; a history of severe ulcer disease (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome); episodic hypotension, vasomotor flushing, or valvular cardiac disease (carcinoid syndrome); or the presence of a scaling, erythematous dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema in a patient with a glucagonoma) may offer clues to the diagnosis.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the reason patients most commonly seek attention for chronic watery diarrhea. It is important to distinguish IBS from other conditions that cause chronic diarrhea, since in most persons with IBS, the problem is frequent defecation rather than voluminous diarrhea. Abdominal pain is the key symptom of IBS, and frequent stools often contain mucus and are accompanied by or preceded by abdominal cramps, and abdominal pain is the key symptom of IBS. Periods of loose stools can be interspersed with periods of constipation. IBS symptoms may worsen during times of emotional or physiologic stress. Those with especially severe symptoms and persistent lower abdominal pain may have been physically or sexually abused in the past. While a diagnosis of "non-disease" is often difficult to make, irritable bowel syndrome is thought to be a functional disorder (dysmotility) since no anatomic or organic intestinal problems are found to explain the symptoms.
Signs & Symptoms
No firm conclusions can be drawn from the symptoms or the severity of the illness as to its likely cause.
Diagnosis & Tests
Laboratory Testing for Acute Diarrhea: In patients with mild, acute diarrhea, no immediate laboratory evaluation is needed as the results often will become available only after symptoms have subsided. Laboratory evaluation should be restricted to patients with severe diarrhea or when illness is complicated by the presence of dysentery or fever, or when the duration of illness becomes protracted. Stool cultures are not routinely indicated. They should be performed in patients with severe diarrhea and fever, dysentery, fecal leukocytes or a prolonged (greater than 14 days) diarrheal illness.
Examination of stool for ova and parasites is indicated in patients with prolonged diarrhea, or who have particular circumstances (e.g., travel, occupation, immunocompromised status) that make them susceptible to parasitic infestation. When parasites are suspected, obtaining three fresh stool samples for immediate examination will provide optimal yield.
Laboratory Testing for Chronic Diarrhea
The purposes of basic laboratory tests are a) to assess the impact of chronic diarrhea on the patient's overall nutritional and electrolyte status, and b) to form a preliminary judgment about the characteristics of the diarrhea. A complete blood count should be obtained to look for evidence of anemia or an abnormal white blood cell count. Biochemical screening should include serum electrolytes, tests of renal function (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) and a basic nutritional assessment, consisting of a lymphocyte count and measurements of serum calcium, phosphorus, total protein and albumin levels.
The type of diarrhea can be defined by evaluation of a random (spot) stool sample. The spot stool sample can be assessed for blood by means of a stool guaiac test (e.g. Hemoccult slide). The presence of blood suggests an inflammatory or neoplastic cause for the diarrhea, but occult blood also can be seen in celiac disease and other sprue-like syndromes. The presence of pus in the stool indicates an inflammatory cause of diarrhea. This can be assessed by staining a stool smear with Wright's stain and looking for white blood cells. A latex agglutination test for the neutrophil enzyme, lactoferrin, is of proven value for detecting neutrophils in acute infectious diarrheas and in pseudomembranous colitis. Its value in chronic diarrhea has not yet been assessed.
Diarrhea that contains neither blood, pus, nor fat is categorized as being watery diarrhea. This usually indicates a problem with the intestinal absorption of salt and water, and can be due to secretory states or to osmotic diarrheas.
Ultrasound examination and abdominal CT scan have a limited role in the evaluation of chronic diarrhea. Endoscopy usually is more specific than X-ray studies because it allows direct inspection of the mucosa, detection of superficial lesions, and the ability to biopsy the mucosa. Upper endoscopy facilitates small bowel mucosal biopsy, which is essential in establishing the diagnosis of proximal small bowel diseases, most commonly celiac sprue, but also Whipple's disease and Crohn's disease. In immunosuppressed patients, the diagnosis of parasitic infestation, e.g. microsporidia, cryptosporidia, Isospora belli, as well as cytomegalovirus infection can be made by small bowel biopsy. Giardia lamblia can cause chronic diarrhea and usually is detected in stool specimens. Occasionally, however, the organism is identified in a small bowel biopsy or by a string test. The latter examination utilizes a swallowed string to obtain a specimen of mucus from the duodenal lumen, and the mucus is subsequently examined for the presence of the organism. This test is particularly helpful in evaluation of children in whom the risks and discomforts of endoscopy may not be well tolerated.
A stool pH of less than 5.3 suggests carbohydrate malabsorption because colonic bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids from malabsorbed carbohydrate. If stool pH is over 5.6, it is unlikely that carbohydrate malabsorption by itself explains the diarrhea. Generalized malabsorption can produce stool pH over 5.3, however, because of buffering by other substances.
Surreptitious laxative abuse continues to be an important and underappreciated cause of chronic diarrhea. Laxative screening includes tests for magnesium, phosphate and sulfate in stool water or urine.
Several blood tests may be of value in evaluating the causes of diarrhea. Peptide hormone- secreting tumors are extremely rare causes of diarrhea. In general, peptide hormone levels should not be measured in blood without good evidence for a classical syndrome associated with one of these tumors or identification of a tumor by computerized tomography, since an abnormal serum peptide level is much more likely to be a false positive than a true positive. Carcinoid tumors that cause diarrhea can be discovered with the help of a 24-hour urine collection for 5- hydroxy indoleacetic acid. Other blood tests that can be of use include thyroid stimulating hormone, anti-nuclear antibody, anti-gliadin and anti-endomysial antibodies for celiac disease, perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) for IBD, HLA typing, quantitation of serum immunoglobulin levels, and serum antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus and Entamoeba histolytica.
Physiologic tests of mucosal absorption and pancreatic exocrine function help with the diagnosis of unusual cases of chronic diarrhea. Proximal mucosal absorption can be assessed by the D-xylose test, and the Schilling test and several measurements of bile acid malabsorption can assess more distal small bowel absorption. Breath hydrogen testing can be of help in evaluating lactase deficiency and bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. Intubation studies, such as the secretin test, remain the most reliable tests for pancreatic exocrine function, but measurement of fecal chymotrypsin concentration or the bentiromide test may be useful screening studies.
Laboratory Findings- Culture of stool yielding Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, or Campylobacter.
- Neutrophils in stool - ulcerative colitis, amebiasis, pseudomembranous colitis, enteritis due to Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella.
- Presence in stool of Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia lamblia.
- Increased haemoglobin, haematocrit, and BUN reflect haemoconcentration due to loss of fluid and electrolytes in stool.
- Decreased urine sodium and volume due to marked fluid and electrolyte loss in stool.
- Decreased pH and C02 content (metabolic acidosis) due to intestinal loss of bicarbonate; less commonly, metabolic alkalosis occurs as a result of loss of fluid, acid, potassium, and chloride in the stool. This occurs with congenital acid diarrhoea and with villous adenoma.
- Increased stool fat due to malabsorption or maldigestion.
- Biopsy of small - or large - intestinal mucosa may show diagnostic pathologic changes.
Treatment & Prevention
Most episodes of acute diarrhea are managed by the affected person or by a family member with dietary modifications or with the use of available over-the-counter medications -- some can assist in reducing frequency of stools, others address symptoms of gas or bloating and newer combined formulations can do both.
Conventional Treatment of Acute Diarrhea
Fluid repletion through oral replacement solutions is important even for the majority of patients who have mild diarrhea. The World Health Organization solution as well as commercially-available preparations can be given both for rehydration and maintenance fluid requirements. These solutions are preferable to dilute fruit juices, non-carbonated soft drinks, or tea with sugar. Dietary modifications also may be helpful to the patient with mild, acute diarrhea. Milk and dairy products should be withheld for 24-48 hours, and initial refeeding may begin with cereals, starches, soups and broth.
Therapy with antidiarrheal medications is indicated for relief of the debilitating symptoms that accompany many diarrheal illnesses. Most patients can take antidiarrheal medications safely to improve their symptoms, although care must be taken not to administer antimotility agents to patients in whom toxin-producing or invasive bacteria is suspected.
Attapulgite binds water, as a result of which stools are better formed. Attapulgite and kaolin are believed to work also by adsorbing the causative agent (bacteria or germs) and removing it from the body. It is recognized as one of the safer antidiarrheal therapies because it exerts its effect only within the bowel lumen. Another agent, bismuth subsalicylate exerts its effect both through its antisecretory salicylate moiety and possibly also by its antimicrobial activity; it improves the symptoms of nausea and vomiting that are associated with gastroenteritis. Since bismuth subsalicylate contains non-aspirin salicylate, care must be taken when it is used in patients taking medication for anticoagulation, diabetes or gout.
Most of the commonly-employed antidiarrheal medications are antimotility agents that act by slowing intestinal motility, thereby increasing intraluminal fluid time and allowing for greater intestinal fluid absorption. One of the most widely-used and easily-tolerated of these medications is loperamide. Caution must be taken when considering administration of an antimotility antidiarrheal agent in a patient with high fever or dysentery as these medications may lead to a worsening of infectious diarrhea due to bowel stasis and increased bowel wall penetration by invasive pathogens (e.g. Shigella). The use of agents such as loperamide in acute diarrhea, and particularly in traveler's diarrhea, is usually safe in the absence of bloody diarrhea or high fever. Patients with diarrhea often have associated symptoms of nausea and bloating, and combination therapy with loperamide and simethicone is now available. Novel antisecretory compounds, which improve diarrhea through more physiologic mechanisms than do currently-available agents, are in development and may become an important part of therapy in the future.
Patients in whom the use of antibiotics may be useful include those who have criteria of severe illness: high fever, signs of systemic toxicity, dysentery or moderate to severe "traveler's diarrhea". In general, the drug of choice is a fluoroquinolone, given for one to three days. Specific therapy may be directed if stool cultures or other studies reveal a particular pathogen.
When diarrhea is more intense (for example, passage of more than 6 unformed stools per 24 hours, or associated with blood) or lasts longer than 48 hours, medical evaluation and treatment should be sought.
Treatment of Chronic Diarrhea
When a specific diagnosis is made, specific treatment often can afford a cure of chronic diarrhea. Some experts recommend that patients should receive antibiotic therapy with metronidazole or antibiotics directed against enteric pathogens before any evaluation of chronic diarrhea is started. For most patients who have been evaluated to some extent, several other options are recommended. These include use of opiate antidiarrheal drugs, the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, and intraluminal agents, such as clays, charcoal, bile acid binding resins, bismuth compounds and fiber.
Antimotility agents and opiates are the most effective empiric therapy for diarrhea. They not only relieve symptoms of frequency and urgency, but also reduce stool weight. Many patients respond to diphenoxylate or loperamide, but patients who do not respond to these therapies should be not be denied more potent opiates, such as codeine, opium or morphine, for fear of addiction.
Complications; Seek medical attention if
Patients with intense diarrhea and large fluid and electrolyte losses may develop dehydration that will need medical evaluation. Dehydrating illness is particularly problematic for the very young or very old.
A distended, rigid or tender abdomen may indicate a potential medical emergency and a requirement for immediate, aggressive evaluation of its cause.
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Signs, symptoms & indicators of Diarrhea:
Conditions that suggest Diarrhea:
Risk factors for Diarrhea:
Diarrhea suggests the following may be present: | | | | | Digestion |  Diverticular Disease |
Tumors, Malignant |
Carcinoid Cancer | Diarrhea can occur along with facial flushing or by itself. Stools are watery and the diarrhea can be mild to severe. Episodes can occur several times each day and can interfere with daily life. |
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Diarrhea can lead to:
Recommendations and treatments for Diarrhea: | | | | | Botanical |  Bladderwrack| | Alginic acid (a component of bladderwrack) is a type of dietary fiber that can be used to help relieve constipation and diarrhea. However, human studies have at the time of writing not been done on how effective bladderwrack is for either of these conditions. |
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Detoxification |
 Attapulgite| | Attapulgite is taken by mouth to treat diarrhea. |
Activated Charcoal| | In an acute bacterial or viral infection of the GI tract, taking activated charcoal orally often stops the diarrhea. It works by adsorbing the organisms causing the infection and, since charcoal itself is not absorbed, it carries the offending organisms safely out of the body. A typical dose is 2 to 4 capsules, 4 or more times per day for up to 2 days.
Charcoal is considered one of the first aid remedies for diarrhea. When "activated charcoal" is not available, less effective regular charcoal will often work. It can be made by burning toast and scraping the charcoal from it's surface. This process is repeated until you have created as much as you need. Although not as convenient as capsules, the powder can be placed in the mouth and rinsed down with liquid. If there are no signs of improvement within the first day, medical help should be sought. |
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Diet |
 Juicing| | Carrot juice and concentrated carrot oligosaccharides have been used in Europe for bacterial diarrhea for almost a century. |
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Digestion |
Probiotics| | A study of hospitalized children showed that a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis was effective in treating acute diarrhea. One of the more common causes for hospitalization of infants and young children is dehydration related to acute diarrhea, especially from a rotavirus.
Lactobacilli in the intestines play an important role in developing natural defenses against both intestinal bacterial and viral infections. In the study group, the frequency of diarrhea improved on the first and second days of hospitalization and the duration of diarrhea during hospitalization also decreased. The researchers concluded "Oral bacterial therapy is an effective adjuvant therapy in rotavirus positive and negative children with diarrhea and can safely be administered during an episode of acute diarrhea." [Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2001 Sep-Oct; 42(5): pp.301-5] |
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Drug |
Conventional Drug Avoidance| | Anti-diarrhea drugs should only be taken on the advice of a doctor. Diarrhea is one of the methods your body uses to help rid itself of the infection: If you slow down or prevent this from happening by taking anti-diarrhea medication you can prolong the amount of time that you are ill and sometimes make your infection worse. |
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Extract |
Nutritional Yeast| | A thoroughly researched yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, has been used in Europe for control of nonspecific diarrhea for several decades. Controlled studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile colitis.
Brewer’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, perhaps by changing the bacterial flora in the large intestine, may be helpful in the treatment of some cases of infectious diarrhea, but to a lesser degree. |
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Mineral |
Zinc| | Diarrhea results in a loss of zinc. Individuals who have had gastrointestinal surgery or who have digestive disorders that result in malabsorption, including sprue, Crohn’s disease and short bowel syndrome, are at greater risk of a zinc deficiency.
Individuals who experience chronic diarrhea should make sure they include sources of zinc in their daily diet and may benefit from zinc supplementation. |
Colloidal Silver |
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KEY | | Weak or unproven link |  | | Strong or generally accepted link |  | | Proven definite or direct link |  | | Strongly counter-indicative | | | May do some good | | | Likely to help | | | Highly recommended |
GLOSSARY
Abdomen (Abdominal)
That part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the stomach, intestines, liver, bladder, pancreas and other organs.
Acidophilus
A microflora (good bacteria) that acts as a digestive aid and lives in your intestines helping your body fight disease.
Acidosis
Specifically, the abnormal buildup of acids in the body, classically caused by diabetes or kidney disease. Broadly, the potential caused by increased protein intake or metabolism, coupled with inadequate intake (or loss) of alkali.
Acute
An illness or symptom of sudden onset, which generally has a short duration.
Adenoma
An ordinarily benign growth of epithelial tissue in which the tumor cells form glands or gland-like structures that tend to exhibit glandular function.
Adjuvant
A substance added to a drug that affects the action of the active ingredient in a predictable way.
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. An immune system deficiency disorder that suddenly alters the body's ability to defend itself. The AIDS virus invades the T4 helper/inducer lymphocytes and multiplies, causing a breakdown in the body's immune system, eventually leading to overwhelming infection and/or cancer, with ultimate death.
Anemia (Anaemia, Anemias)
A condition resulting from an unusually low number of red blood cells or too little hemoglobin in the red blood cells. The most common type is iron-deficiency anemia in which the red blood cells are reduced in size and number, and hemoglobin levels are low. Clinical symptoms include shortness of breath, lethargy and heart palpitations.
Antacid (Antacids)
Neutralizes acid in the stomach, esophagus, or first part of the duodenum.
Antibody (Antibodies)
A type of serum protein (globulin) synthesized by white blood cells of the lymphoid type in response to an antigenic (foreign substance) stimulus. Antibodies are complex substances formed to neutralize or destroy these antigens in the blood. Antibody activity normally fights infection but can be damaging in allergies and a group of diseases that are called autoimmune diseases.
Antimicrobial
Tending to destroy microbes, hinder their multiplication or growth.
Bacteria (Bacterial, Bacterium)
Microscopic germs. Some bacteria are "harmful" and can cause disease, while other "friendly" bacteria protect the body from harmful invading organisms.
Bile
A bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and is released when fat enters the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) in order to aid digestion.
Biopsy
Removal of a sample of tissue from a living being for diagnosis. A pathologist later uses a microscope to look for certain features, such as cancer cells, in the sample. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy involves inserting a thin needle to remove a small amount of tissue, sometimes using CT or ultrasound to guide the needle. A core biopsy involves obtaining a sample of tissue with a thick needle or by inserting a thin, lighted tube (laparoscope) into a small incision in the abdomen. Another biopsy method is to remove tissue during an operation.
Bruise (Bruised, Bruising)
Injury producing a hematoma or diffuse extravasation of blood without breaking the skin.
Calcium
The body's most abundant mineral. Its primary function is to help build and maintain bones and teeth. The body also needs calcium to carry nerve signals, keep the heart functioning, contract muscles, clot blood and maintain healthy skin. Calcium helps control blood acid-alkaline balance, plays a role in cell division, muscle growth and iron utilization, activates certain enzymes, and helps transport nutrients through cell membranes. Calcium also forms a cellular cement called ground substance that helps hold cells and tissues together.
Cancer
Refers to the various types of malignant neoplasms that contain cells growing out of control and invading adjacent tissues, which may metastasize to distant tissues.
Candidiasis (Candida)
Infection of the skin or mucous membrane with any species of candida, usually Candida albicans. The infection is usually localized to the skin, nails, mouth, vagina, bronchi, or lungs, but may invade the bloodstream. It is a common inhabitant of the GI tract, only becoming a problem when it multiplies excessively and invades local tissues. Growth is encouraged by a weakened immune system, as in AIDS, or with the prolonged administration of antibiotics. Vaginal symptoms include itching in the genital area, pain when urinating, and a thick odorless vaginal discharge. Candidiasis is also known as: Candida; Candida albicans; Candida Related Complex; Chronic Candida Syndrome; (Chronic) Systemic Candidiasis; Monilia; Candidiasis Hypersensitivity Syndrome; Candidosis; (Chronic) Mucocutaneous Candidosis; Thrush (oral or vaginal); Moniliasis; Polysystematic Candidiasis.
Canker Sores (Aphthous Ulcers, Apthous Stomatitis)
Small, painful ulcers that occur on the inside of the cheek, lip or underside of the tongue. Caused by an assortment of viruses, doctors call this condition aphthous stomatitis. Canker sores usually clear up by themselves within a week or so, but they often recur, sometimes in the form of multiple sores.
Carbohydrates (Carbohydrate)
The sugars and starches in food. Sugars are called simple carbohydrates and found in such foods as fruit and table sugar. Complex carbohydrates are composed of large numbers of sugar molecules joined together, and are found in grains, legumes, and vegetables like potatoes, squash, and corn.
Cardiac
Pertaining to the heart, also, pertaining to the stomach area adjacent to the esophagus.
Celiac
Pertaining to the abdomen.
Celiac Disease (Gluten Sensitivity)
A digestive disease that damages the small intestine and interferes with absorption of nutrients from food. People who have celiac disease cannot tolerate a protein called gluten. Common symptoms include diarrhea, increased appetite, bloating, weight loss, irritability and fatigue. Gluten is found in wheat (including spelt, triticale, and kamut), rye, barley and sometimes oats.
Chemotherapy
A treatment of disease by any chemicals. Used most often to refer to the chemical treatments used to combat cancer cells. Chemotherapy is usually given in cycles: a treatment period followed by a recovery period, then another treatment period, and so on. Most anticancer drugs are given by injection into a blood vessel (IV); some are given by mouth. Chemotherapy is a systemic therapy, meaning that the drugs enter the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. Usually, a patient has chemotherapy as an outpatient (at the hospital, at the doctor's office, or at home). However, depending on which drugs are given and the patient's general health, a short hospital stay may be needed.
Chlamydia
A sexually-transmitted disease that is often without symptoms. Some females experience a white vaginal discharge that resembles cottage cheese, a burning sensation when urinating, itching, and painful intercourse. A clear watery urethral discharge in the male probably is a chlamydia infection.
Cholestatic
Often Cholestatic liver disorder: An arrest in the flow of bile from the liver.
Chronic (Chronicity)
Usually referring to chronic illness: Illness extending over a long period of time.
Chymotrypsin (Trypsin)
A digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine which breaks down polypeptides or proteins.
Cobalamin (B12, B-12, Cobalamine, Vitamin B12)
Essential for normal growth and functioning of all body cells, especially those of bone marrow (red blood cell formation), gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, it prevents pernicious anemia and plays a crucial part in the reproduction of every cell of the body i.e. synthesis of genetic material (DNA).
Colitis
Colon inflammation, usually involving the mucus membranes. Mucus colitis is a type with cramps, periods of constipation, and copious discharge of mucus with feces. Ulcerative colitis has pain, inflammation, ulceration, fever, and bleeding, all interspersed at various times - a long and serious illness.
Colon (Colonic)
The part of the large intestine that extends to the rectum. The colon takes the contents of the small intestine, moving them to the rectum by contracting.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A set of measurements that are generally determined by specially designed machines that analyze the different components of blood in less than a minute. The values generally included are:- White blood cell count (WBC). The number of white blood cells in a volume of blood. Normal range varies slightly between laboratories but is generally between 4,300 and 10,800 cells per cubic millimeter. This can also be referred to as the leukocyte count and can be expressed in international units as 4.3 - 10.8 x 10^9 cells per liter.
- Automated white cell differential. A machine-generated percentage of the different types of white blood cells, usually split into granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
- Red cell count (RBC). The number of red blood cells in a volume of blood. Normal range varies slightly between laboratories but is generally between 4.2 - 5.9 million cells per cubic millimeter. This can also be referred to as the erythrocyte count and can be expressed in international units as 4.2 - 5.9 x 10^12 cells per liter.
- Hemoglobin (Hb). The amount of hemoglobin in a volume of blood. Normal range for hemoglobin is different between the sexes and is approximately 13 - 18 gm/dl for men and 12 - 16 for women (international units 8.1 - 11.2 millimoles/liter for men, 7.4 - 9.9 for women).
- Hematocrit (Hct). The ratio of the volume of red cells to the volume of whole blood. Normal range for hematocrit is different between the sexes and is approximately 45 - 52% for men and 37 - 48% for women.
- Mean cell volume (MCV). The average volume of a red cell. This is a calculated value derived from the hematocrit and red cell count. Normal range is 86 - 98 femtoliters.
- Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH). The average amount of hemoglobin in the average red cell. This is a calculated value derived from the measurement of hemoglobin and the red cell count. Normal range is 27 - 32 picograms.
- Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of red cells. This is a calculated volume derived from the hemoglobin measurement and the hematocrit. Normal range is 32 - 36%.
- Red cell distribution width (RDW). A measurement of the variability of red cell size. Higher numbers indicate greater variation in size. Normal range is 11 - 15.
- Platelet count. The number of platelets in a volume blood. Platelets play a vital role in blood clotting. Normal range varies slightly between laboratories but is in the range of 150,000 - 400,000 per cubic millimeter (150 - 400 x 10^9 per liter).
Computerised Tomography (CAT Scan, Computed Tomography, Computerized Axial Tomography, CT Scan)
A scanning procedure using X-rays and a computer to detect abnormalities of the body's organs. This technique provides cross-sectional images of body organs, which is much clearer than those provided by conventional X-rays.
Constipation (Constipated)
Difficult, incomplete, or infrequent evacuation of dry, hardened feces from the bowels.
Cramp (Cramping, Cramps)
A sudden, involuntary, painful muscular contraction.
Crohn's Disease (Crohn's)
Chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. The most common symptoms are abdominal pain, often in the lower right area, and diarrhea. Rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fever may also occur. Bleeding may be serious and persistent, leading to anemia.
Cystic Fibrosis
(CF) An incurable genetic disease involving a sticky buildup of mucus in the lungs (which makes breathing difficult and leads to infections), as well as pancreatic insufficiency (which leads to digestive problems). Symptoms include chronic cough producing thick mucus, excessive appetite combined with weight loss, intestinal disorders, salty sweat/skin and pneumonia. Lung-related problems are the most frequent cause of death. CF is a recessive disease, occurring only when a person inherits two mutated copies of the CF gene - one from each parent. Individuals with CF generally have a life expectancy of about 30 years.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
A member of the herpes virus family which may induce the immune-deficient state or cause active illness, such as pneumonia, in a patient already immune-deficient due to chronic illness, such as cancer or organ transplantation therapy.
Cytoplasmic
Pertaining to the contents of a cell outside the nucleus.
Dermatitis
A general term used to refer to eruptions or rashes on the skin.
Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes, Diabetic, Diabetics)
A disease with increased blood glucose levels due to lack or ineffectiveness of insulin. Diabetes is found in two forms; insulin-dependent diabetes (juvenile-onset) and non-insulin-dependent (adult-onset). Symptoms include increased thirst; increased urination; weight loss in spite of increased appetite; fatigue; nausea; vomiting; frequent infections including bladder, vaginal, and skin; blurred vision; impotence in men; bad breath; cessation of menses; diminished skin fullness. Other symptoms include bleeding gums; ear noise/buzzing; diarrhea; depression; confusion.
Diarrhea
Excessive discharge of contents of bowel.
Dietary Fiber (Insoluble Fiber, Insoluble Fibers, Soluble Fiber, Soluble Fibers)
There are two types of dietary fiber - soluble and insoluble. Insoluble fiber acts like a sponge; it absorbs water and moves solid waste out of the intestines. It is found mainly in whole grains and on the outside of seeds, fruits, and legumes. Soluble fiber is found in fruits, vegetables, seeds, brown rice, barley, oats and oat bran. It forms a gel when mixed with liquid producing a softer stool. It also prevents and reduces the absorption of certain substances from the intestines into the bloodstream.
Distal
Anatomically located further away from a point of reference, such as an origin or a point of attachment.
Distention (Distended)
An excess expansion of a tissue or organ, either from inflammation, injury or gas.
Duodenum (Duodenal)
First portion of the small intestine between the pylorus and jejunum, connecting to the stomach.
Dysentery
An inflammatory disorder of the lower intestinal tract, usually caused by a bacterial, parasitic, or protozoan infection and resulting in pain, fever, and severe diarrhea, often accompanied by the passage of blood and mucus.
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluids within tissues resulting in swelling.
Electrolyte (Electrolytes)
An element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or other solvent, breaks up into ions and is able to carry an electric current.
Endoscopy
A procedure that uses an Endoscope: Examination with a flexible viewing tube.
Enteric (Enteric-coated)
Pertaining to the small intestines. Enteric-coated: A coating that prevents a tablet or capsule from being digested until it reaches the small intestine.
Enteritis
Sometimes Enteritis regionalis: Localized inflammation of the intestine.
Enzymes (Enzyme)
Specific protein catalysts produced by the cells that are crucial in chemical reactions and in building up or synthesizing most compounds in the body. Each enzyme performs a specific function without itself being consumed. For example, the digestive enzyme amylase acts on carbohydrates in foods to break them down.
Erythema Nodosum
Acute inflammation of skin with red nodules.
Fatty Acids (Fatty Acid)
Chemical chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that are part of a fat (lipid) and are the major component of triglycerides. Depending on the number and arrangement of these atoms, fatty acids are classified as either saturated, polyunsaturated, or monounsaturated. They are nutritional substances found in nature which include cholesterol, prostaglandins, and stearic, palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosapentanoic (EPA), and decohexanoic acids. Important nutritional lipids include lecithin, choline, gamma-linoleic acid, and inositol.
Flatulence
Abnormal amount of gas in the stomach and intestines.
Fructose
A simple sugar which occurs naturally in fruit or honey.
Gastroenteritis
Gastrointestinal tract inflammation; characterized by abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting; which may be caused by bacteria, parasites or a virus.
Gastrointestinal (GI, GI Tract)
Pertaining to the stomach, small and large intestines, colon, rectum, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Giardiasis (Giardia)
An intestinal tract infection caused by Giardia lamblia, a flagellate protozoa now common to much of the world. It is not normally a very serious infection, but nevertheless unpleasant.
Glucose
A sugar that is the simplest form of carbohydrate. It is commonly referred to as blood sugar. The body breaks down carbohydrates in foods into glucose, which serves as the primary fuel for the muscles and the brain.
Gout
A disease characterized by an increased blood uric acid level and sudden onset of episodes of acute arthritis.
Herpes Simplex
An infection, often recurrent, caused by herpes virus type 1 and 2. It causes cold sores around the lips and mouth, and also causes painful blisters on the genitals and in the pubic area, thighs, and buttocks.
Hormones (Hormone)
Chemical substances secreted by a variety of body organs that are carried by the bloodstream and usually influence cells some distance from the source of production. Hormones signal certain enzymes to perform their functions and, in this way, regulate such body functions as blood sugar levels, insulin levels, the menstrual cycle, and growth. These can be prescription, over-the-counter, synthetic or natural agents. Examples include adrenal hormones such as corticosteroids and aldosterone; glucagon, growth hormone, insulin, testosterone, estrogens, progestins, progesterone, DHEA, melatonin, and thyroid hormones such as thyroxine and calcitonin.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
A retrovirus associated with onset of advanced immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Hypotension
Low blood pressure.
Incontinence (Incontinent)
The inability to retain urine in the bladder for a reasonable length of time. It is can be caused by urethral irritation, loss of tone to the basement muscle of the bladder (the trigone), scarification or growths on the urethral lining, nerve damage, or emotional stress.
Iron
An essential mineral. Prevents anemia: as a constituent of hemoglobin, transports oxygen throughout the body. Virtually all of the oxygen used by cells in the life process are brought to the cells by the hemoglobin of red blood cells. Iron is a small but most vital, component of the hemoglobin in 20,000 billion red blood cells, of which 115 million are formed every minute. Heme iron (from meat) is absorbed 10 times more readily than the ferrous or ferric form.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
A condition that causes upset intestines for a long period of time. It is very unpleasant to the sufferer but tends to be harmless and usually does not lead to more serious complaints. The symptoms vary from person to person and from day to day. In order to be diagnosed with IBS, a person must have at least three of the following symptoms: pain in the lower abdomen; bloating; constipation; diarrhea or alternating diarrhea and constipation; nausea; loss of appetite; tummy rumbling; flatulence; mucous in stools; indigestion; constant tiredness; frequent urination; low back pain; painful intercourse for women.
Ischemia (Ischemic)
Localized tissue anemia due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood. A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.
Kidneys (Kidney, Renal)
Bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage. The kidneys are sophisticated reprocessing machines, each day handling about 50 gallons of blood to sift out about half a gallon of waste products and extra water. The waste and extra water become urine, which flows to the bladder through tubes called ureters. The actual filtering occurs in tiny units inside the kidneys called nephrons. Every kidney has about a million nephrons. In a nephron, a glomerulus -- which is a tiny blood vessel, or capillary -- intertwines with a tiny urine-collecting tube called a tubule. A complicated chemical exchange takes place, as waste materials and water leave your blood and enter your urinary system. The kidneys recycle chemicals such as sodium, phosphorus, and potassium and thus regulate their levels. Renal: Pertaining to the kidneys.
Lactase
An enzyme that aids the body in converting lactose to glucose and galactose. It is also necessary for digestion of milk and milk products.
Lactobacillus
A genus of gram-positive, acid-resistant bacteria in the Lactobacillaceae family. We know of lactobacillus because of its use in making yogurt and the conventional wisdom of taking it in one form or another after antibiotic therapy, but it is an integral part of the colon and mouth flora, and is the critical acidifying agent in vaginal flora. There is a growing body of rather ignored data showing the value of regular consumption of a lactobacillus-containing food in immunosuppression, slow virus, and candidiasis conditions.
Lactose Intolerance (Lactose Intolerant)
A condition caused by a lack of an enzyme called lactase, which, in turn, causes the body to be unable to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk products. Common symptoms, which begin about 30 minutes to two hours after consuming foods or beverages containing lactose, may include: nausea, cramps, bloating, gas and/or diarrhea. The severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of lactose consumed and the amount that an individual can tolerate.
Laxative (Laxatives)
A substance (food, herb, chemical) that stimulates evacuation of the bowels. Examples include cascara sagrada, senna, castor oil, aloe vera, bisacodyl, phenolphthalein and many others.
Lesion (Lesions)
Any damage to tissue structure or function; an abnormal change in body tissue caused by disease or injury. A scar is a lesion, as is cancer, a stomach ulcer or a pimple.
Leukocyte (Leukocytes)
A white blood cell which appears 5,000 to 10,000 times in each cubic millimeter of normal human blood. Among the most important functions are destroying bacteria, fungi and viruses and rendering harmless poisonous substances that may result from allergic reactions and cell injury.
Liver (Hepatic)
The largest and one of the most complex organs of the body, the liver is responsible for much of the metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. It is the site of much of the body's detoxification. It is connected very closely with digestion and the regulation of blood sugar, among many other functions. Found behind the ribs on the right side of the abdomen, it has many important functions such as removing harmful material from the blood, making enzymes and bile that help digest food, and converting food into substances needed for life and growth. Hepatic: Pertaining to the liver.
Lumen
Space in the interior of a tubular structure.
Lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell found in lymph, blood, and other specialized tissue such as bone marrow and tonsils, constituting between 22 and 28 percent of all white blood cells in the blood of a normal adult human being. B- and T-lymphocytes are crucial components of the immune system. The B-lymphocytes are primarily responsible for antibody production. The T-lymphocytes are involved in the direct attack against living organisms. The helper T-lymphocyte, a subtype, is the main cell infected and destroyed by the AIDS virus.
Magnesium
An essential mineral. The chief function of magnesium is to activate certain enzymes, especially those related to carbohydrate metabolism. Another role is to maintain the electrical potential across nerve and muscle membranes. It is essential for proper heartbeat and nerve transmission. Magnesium controls many cellular functions. It is involved in protein formation, DNA production and function and in the storage and release of energy in ATP. Magnesium is closely related to calcium and phosphorus in body function. The average adult body contains approximately one ounce of magnesium. It is the fifth mineral in abundance within the body--behind calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium. Although about 70 percent of the body's magnesium is contained in the teeth and bones, its most important functions are carried out by the remainder which is present in the cells of the soft tissues and in the fluid surrounding those cells.
Malabsorption
Improper utilization of needed and available nutrients, either from impaired digestive function (such as B12 being unabsorbed because of gastritis), impaired absorption (poor Vitamin E absorption because of an inflamed ileum) or impaired transport (the diminished blood proteins of the advanced alcoholic). There are other causes as well.
Mesenteric
Pertaining to the great fold that holds the small intestines, blood vessels and lymph in a great curtain, connected with the back of the abdominal wall.
Metabolism (Metabolic, Metabolize, Metabolizes, Metabolizing)
The chemical processes of living cells in which energy is produced in order to replace and repair tissues and maintain a healthy body. Responsible for the production of energy, biosynthesis of important substances, and degradation of various compounds. Also defined as the sum total of changes in an organism in order to achieve a balance (homeostasis): Catabolic burns up, anabolic stores and builds up; the sum of their work is metabolism.
Mineral (Minerals)
Plays a vital role in regulating many body functions. They act as catalysts in nerve response, muscle contraction and the metabolism of nutrients in foods. They regulate electrolyte balance and hormonal production, and they strengthen skeletal structures.
Motility
Capacity for spontaneous movement, frequently in reference to the intestine.
Mucous Membranes (Mucosa, Mucous Membrane, Mucus Membranes)
The membranes, such as the mouth, nose, anus, and vagina, that line the cavities and canals of the body which communicate with the air.
Mucus (Mucous)
The viscous, slippery substance that consists chiefly of mucin, water, cells, and inorganic salts and is secreted as a protective lubricant coating by cells and glands of the mucous membranes.
Nausea
Symptoms resulting from an inclination to vomit.
Neuropathy
A group of symptoms caused by abnormalities in motor or sensory nerves. Symptoms include tingling or numbness in hands or feet followed by gradual, progressive muscular weakness.
Neutrophils (Neutrophil)
Another name for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the most common type of blood-carried white blood cell, and the first mobile resistance cell to come to the rescue in injury.
NSAID (NSAIDs)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
Occult Blood
Usually detected through an occult blood test: A test used in screening for blood found in the stool, sputum or urine. The most common test is for hidden blood in the stool, also known as a stool guaiac or hemoccult test, which usually indicates the presence of ulceration or cancer.
Over-The-Counter (OTC, Over The Counter)
A drug or medication that can legally be bought without a doctor's prescription being required.
Pancreas (Pancreatic)
Opposite the liver and behind the stomach, the pancreas has two main functions - to manufacture various enzymes for digestion, and to release hormones to help control the body's use of carbohydrates. It releases insulin to help each cell absorb glucose to burn as energy. In this way, insulin controls the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Proper pancreatic function is very important: too much, too little, or no insulin production can be life-threatening. Some of the chemicals released by the pancreas are not hormones, but stimulate other glands to make hormones. Once again, balance is necessary. Nutritional requirements for the pancreas are many. Research indicates that chromium vitamins C, E, B-complex, calcium, magnesium and potassium are especially important.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas. Symptoms begin as those of acute pancreatitis: a gradual or sudden severe pain in the center part of the upper abdomen goes through to the back, perhaps becoming worse when eating and building to a persistent pain; nausea and vomiting; fever; jaundice (yellowing of the skin); shock; weight loss; symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the symptoms of acute pancreatitis continue to recur.
Parasite (Parasites, Parasitic, Parasitical)
An organism living in or on another organism.
pH
A measure of an environment's acidity or alkalinity. The more acidic the solution, the lower the pH. For example, a pH of 1 is very acidic; a pH of 7 is neutral; a pH of 14 is very alkaline.
Phosphorus
The second most abundant mineral in the body, found in every living cell. It is involved in the proper functioning of both muscles and nerves. It is needed for metabolic processes of all cells, to activate many other nutrients, and to form energy-storage and energy-releasing compounds. The phosphorus content of the body is approximately 1% of total body weight. Phosphorus combines with fats to form phospholipids. Combined with calcium, it gives strength and rigidity to the bones and teeth.
Polyp (Polyps)
A usually nonmalignant growth or tumor protruding from the mucous lining of an organ such as the nose, bladder or intestine, often causing obstruction.
Potassium
A mineral that serves as an electrolyte and is involved in the balance of fluid within the body. Our bodies contain more than twice as much potassium as sodium (typically 9oz versus 4oz). About 98% of total body potassium is inside our cells. Potassium is the principal cation (positive ion) of the fluid within cells and is important in controlling the activity of the heart, muscles, nervous system and just about every cell in the body. Potassium regulates the water balance and acid-base balance in the blood and tissues. Evidence is showing that potassium is also involved in bone calcification. Potassium is a cofactor in many reactions, especially those involving energy production and muscle building.
Proctitis
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the rectum.
Protein (Proteins)
Compounds composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen present in the body and in foods that form complex combinations of amino acids. Protein is essential for life and is used for growth and repair. Foods that supply the body with protein include animal products, grains, legumes, and vegetables. Proteins from animal sources contain the essential amino acids. Proteins are changed to amino acids in the body.
Proximal
Nearer to a point of reference such as an origin, a point of attachment, or the midline of the body.
Pus
White cells that the body sends to fight an infection.
Retinopathy
An eye disorder that does not cause inflammation but results from changes in the eye (retinal) blood vessels.
Salmonella
A widespread genus of gram-negative motile-rod bacteria, some of which can cause moderate GI infections, while several can produce metabolites in food that cause serious toxic reaction when the food is eaten.
Serum
The cell-free fluid of the bloodstream. It appears in a test tube after the blood clots and is often used in expressions relating to the levels of certain compounds in the blood stream.
Small Intestine (Small Bowel)
The small intestine lies between the stomach and the large intestine. It is about 6 meters (20 feet) long and its primary function is to digest (break down) food and absorb nutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats). The small intestine makes up more than 70% of the length and 90% of the surface area of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Sodium
An essential mineral that our bodies regulate and conserve. Excess sodium retention increases the fluid volume (edema) and low sodium leads to less fluid and relative dehydration. The adult body averages a total content of over 100 grams of sodium, of which a surprising one-third is in bone. A small amount of sodium does get into cell interiors, but this represents only about ten percent of the body content. The remaining 57 percent or so of the body sodium content is in the fluid immediately surrounding the cells, where it is the major cation (positive ion). The role of sodium in the extracellular fluid is maintaining osmotic equilibrium (the proper difference in ions dissolved in the fluids inside and outside the cell) and extracellular fluid volume. Sodium is also involved in nerve impulse transmission, muscle tone and nutrient transport. All of these functions are interrelated with potassium.
Stasis
Static, atonic, unable to resolve or initiate change, resulting in lymphatic and venous stasis, congestion or stagnation. For example, an intestinal blockage.
Steatorrhea
The presence of undigested fat in the feces. This may be the result of failing to inoculate fatty foods with enough surfactant (biliary soap) to digest them, the failure of the lower small intestine to absorb them, or simply too much fat for even normal digestion to handle. Sometimes this can indicate liver, gall bladder or lipid metabolism diseases. Usually the causes are subclinical and treatable with less invasive approaches such as herbs.
Syndrome
A medical condition characterized by a collection of related symptoms (what the patient feels) and signs (what a doctor can observe or measure).
Syphilis
A sexually-transmitted disease, with symptoms in the early contagious stages being a sore on the genitalia, a rash, patches of flaking tissue, fever, a sore throat, and sores in the mouth or anus.
Tenesmus
Tenesmus is the constant feeling of the need to empty the bowel or bladder, accompanied by pain, cramping and involuntary straining efforts.
Thyroid (Thyroid Gland)
The thyroid gland is an organ with many veins, anchored around the front of the throat near the voice box. It is essential to normal body growth in infancy and childhood. It absorbs iodine from the diet and releases thyroid hormones - iodine-containing compounds that help govern the rate of the body's metabolism (its total life processes), affecting body temperature, and regulating protein, fat and carbohydrate catabolism in all cells. They keep up growth hormone release, skeletal maturation, and heart rate, force, and output. They promote central nervous system growth, stimulate the making of many enzymes, and are necessary for muscle tone and vigor. To a high degree, metabolism is regulated by the hormone thyroxine, which can be made by the thyroid if enough organic iodine is available. An enlarged thyroid gland that is not cancer is sometimes called goitre.
Tropics (Tropical)
The region of the earth's surface lying between 23°27 North of the equator and 23°27 South of the equator.
Ulcer (Ulceration, Ulcers)
Lesion on the skin or mucous membrane.
Ulcerative Colitis (Colitis Ulcerosa)
Ulceration of the colon and rectum, usually long-term and characterized by rectal bleeding or blood in the stool, frequent urgent diarrhea/bowel movements each day, abdominal pain.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound testing uses sound waves projected into the body to produce an image of internal organs, structures, tumors, etc. In this procedure, a gel is applied to the patient's skin, and a small device that emits ultrasonic pulses is slowly passed over the area. The sonic image produced is viewed on a monitor.
Vitamin D
A fat-soluble vitamin essential to one's health. Regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood by improving their absorption and utilization. Necessary for normal growth and formation of bones and teeth. For Vitamin D only, 1mcg translates to 40 IU.
Vitamin K
Helps the blood clot when the body is injured.
White Blood Cell (WBC, White Blood Cells)
A blood cell that does not contain hemoglobin: a blood corpuscle responsible for maintaining the body's immune surveillance system against invasion by foreign substances such as viruses or bacteria. White cells become specifically programmed against foreign invaders and work to inactivate and rid the body of a foreign substance. White blood cells are composed primarily of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are either T-cells or B-cells. T-cells (CD3 cells) are divided into T-helper (CD4 cells) and T-suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8 cells) cells.
X-rays (X-ray)
High-energy radiation used to take pictures of areas inside the body.
Yeast
A single-cell organism that may cause infection in the mouth, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and any or all bodily parts. Common yeast infections include candidiasis and thrush.
Zinc
An essential trace mineral. The functions of zinc are enzymatic. There are over 70 metalloenzymes known to require zinc for their functions. The main biochemicals in which zinc has been found to be necessary include: enzymes and enzymatic function, protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Zinc is a constituent of insulin and male reproductive fluid. Zinc is necessary for the proper metabolism of alcohol, to get rid of the lactic acid that builds up in working muscles and to transfer it to the lungs. Zinc is involved in the health of the immune system, assists vitamin A utilization and is involved in the formation of bone and teeth.
Last updated: Jul 12, 2008
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